Abstract
Abstract This research was conducted to understand the influence of foliar applied melatonin (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 μM) on two Salvia species ( Salvia nemorosa L., and Salvia reuterana Boiss) under conditions of water stress. Water stress was applied using a reduced irrigation strategy based on re-watering at 80%, 60% and 40% of the field capacity (FC). Increasing water stress, while significantly enhancing malondialdehyde (MDA), H 2 O 2 , electrolyte leakage, oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and total glutathione (GT), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities, which led to a marked reduction in fluorescence ( Fv/Fm ). Foliar application of melatonin alleviated the oxidative stress by increasing GT, CAT, POD, SOD and GR activities and reducing GSSG. In particular, melatonin heightened GSH content as well as the ratio of GSH/GSSG when compared to non-sprayed water stressed plants. Melatonin-treated plants had significantly lower SOD and POD activities than control plants under drought stress, while the CAT activity was enhanced with the foliar treatment. Essential oil yield of both Salvia species increased with the decrease in irrigation from 80% to 60% FC but diminished with the more severe water deficit (40% FC). Essential oil components of Salvia nemorosa were β- caryophyllene, germacrene- B, spathulenol, and cis- β- farnesene, while (E) - β- ocimene, α- gurjnnene, germacrene-D, hexyl acetate and aromadendrene was the major constituents of Salvia reuterana . When plants were subjected to water deficit, melatonin treatment increased the concentration and composition of the essential oil. In particular, melatonin treatments improved the primary oil components in both species when compared to non-melatonin treated plants. In conclusion, reduced irrigation regimes as well as melatonin treatments resulted in a significant improvement of essential oil production and composition in both Salvia species.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing water stress raised MDA, hydrogen peroxide, electrolyte leakage, oxidized glutathione and total glutathione in Salvia.
- Treatment
- Increasing water stresse0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA), H 2 O 2 , electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
SalviaNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing water stress, while significantly enhancing malondialdehyde (MDA), H 2 O 2 , electrolyte leakage, oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and total glutathione (GT)”
e1“two Salvia species ( Salvia nemorosa L., and Salvia reuterana Boiss)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing water stress reduced reduced-glutathione content and CAT, POD, SOD and GR activities.
- Treatment
- Increasing water stresse1
- Outcome
- reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities”
e1“Increasing water stress”
e2“two Salvia species ( Salvia nemorosa L., and Salvia reuterana Boiss)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing water stress reduced chlorophyll fluorescence.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which led to a marked reduction in fluorescence ( Fv/Fm )”
e1“Increasing water stress”
e2“two Salvia species ( Salvia nemorosa L., and Salvia reuterana Boiss)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar melatonin increased total glutathione and CAT, POD, SOD and GR activities under water stress.
- Treatment
- Foliar application of melatonine0
- Outcome
- GT, CAT, POD, SOD and GR activitiese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of melatonin alleviated the oxidative stress by increasing GT, CAT, POD, SOD and GR activities”
e1“two Salvia species ( Salvia nemorosa L., and Salvia reuterana Boiss)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar melatonin reduced oxidized glutathione under water stress.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of melatonin alleviated the oxidative stress by increasing GT, CAT, POD, SOD and GR activities and reducing GSSG”
e1“two Salvia species ( Salvia nemorosa L., and Salvia reuterana Boiss)”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased GSH content and the GSH/GSSG ratio compared with unsprayed water-stressed plants.
- Treatment
- melatonine0
- Outcome
- GSH content as well as the ratio of GSH/GSSGe0
- Direction
- heightenede0
- Comparator
- non-sprayed water stressed plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“melatonin heightened GSH content as well as the ratio of GSH/GSSG when compared to non-sprayed water stressed plants”
e1“two Salvia species ( Salvia nemorosa L., and Salvia reuterana Boiss)”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin-treated plants had lower SOD and POD activities than drought-stressed controls.
- Treatment
- Melatonin-treatede0
- Outcome
- SOD and POD activitiese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- control plants under drought stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Melatonin-treated plants had significantly lower SOD and POD activities than control plants under drought stress”
e1“two Salvia species ( Salvia nemorosa L., and Salvia reuterana Boiss)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar melatonin enhanced CAT activity under drought stress.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the CAT activity was enhanced with the foliar treatment”
e1“two Salvia species ( Salvia nemorosa L., and Salvia reuterana Boiss)”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oil yield rose as irrigation fell from 80% to 60% of field capacity in both Salvia species.
- Treatment
- decrease in irrigation from 80% to 60% FCe0
- Outcome
- Essential oil yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- 80%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Essential oil yield of both Salvia species increased with the decrease in irrigation from 80% to 60% FC”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oil yield fell under the more severe 40% field-capacity deficit.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Essential oil yield of both Salvia species increased with the decrease in irrigation from 80% to 60% FC but diminished with the more severe water deficit (40% FC)”
Claim · model-written summary
The reported major essential oil constituents of Salvia nemorosa included β-caryophyllene, germacrene-B, spathulenol and cis-β-farnesene.
- Taxon
- Salvia nemorosa
.jpg?width=60)
Salvia nemorosae0 - Outcome
- β- caryophyllene, germacrene- B, spathulenole0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Essential oil components of Salvia nemorosa were β- caryophyllene, germacrene- B, spathulenol, and cis- β- farnesene”
Claim · model-written summary
The reported major essential oil constituents of Salvia reuterana included β-ocimene, α-gurjnnene, germacrene-D, hexyl acetate and aromadendrene.
Verbatim
e0“(E) - β- ocimene, α- gurjnnene, germacrene-D, hexyl acetate and aromadendrene was the major constituents of Salvia reuterana”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased essential oil concentration and composition under water deficit.
- Treatment
- melatonin treatmente0
- Outcome
- concentration and composition of the essential oile0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When plants were subjected to water deficit, melatonin treatment increased the concentration and composition of the essential oil.”
e1“two Salvia species ( Salvia nemorosa L., and Salvia reuterana Boiss)”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin improved the primary oil components in both species relative to untreated plants.
- Treatment
- melatonin treatmentse0
- Outcome
- primary oil componentse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- non-melatonin treated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“melatonin treatments improved the primary oil components in both species when compared to non-melatonin treated plants”
e1“two Salvia species ( Salvia nemorosa L., and Salvia reuterana Boiss)”
The same questions in other papers
application · molecular: metabolites · Salvia (sages)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
drought · physiology: oxidative · Salvia (sages)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.