Abstract
Bio-fertilizers are the most important and effective method used to reduce the quantities of chemical fertilizers consumed and reduce dependence on them in agricultural production to avoid their harmful effects on the environment and public health as well as reduce the cost of agricultural production in light of increasing pollution and under adverse conditions for production and climate change. A bio-fertilizer depends primarily on the use of beneficial microorganisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to improve the uptake of nutrients, improve plant growth, productivity, and grain yield. Crop production faces many challenges, and drought is one of the majority of the significant factors limiting crop production worldwide, especially in semi-arid regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of AMF and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), plus three rates of the recommended dose of phosphorus (RDP) fertilizer on yield, yield components, and nutrients uptake, in addition to evaluating the beneficial effects of these combinations to develop Phosphorus (P) management under three levels of irrigation water, i.e., three irrigations (normal or well-watered), two irrigations (moderate drought), and one irrigation (severe drought) on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The results showed that the treatment with AMF bio-fertilizer yielded the highest values of plant height, spike length, spike weight, number of grains/spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, straw yield, biological yield, and harvest index. Moreover, the grain and straw uptake of nitrogen (N), P, and potassium (K) (kg ha−1) in the two seasons under the three levels of irrigation, respectively, were superior followed by the inoculation by PSB. While the treatment without bio-fertilizer yielded the lowest values of these traits of barley, the treatment with bio-fertilizer yielded the increased percentage of the grain yield by 17.27%, 17.33% with applying AMF, and 10.31%, 10.40% with treatment by PSB. Treatment with AMF or PSB (Phosphorien), plus rates of phosphorus fertilizer under conditions of irrigation water shortage, whether irrigation was performed once or twice, led to an increase in grain yield and other characteristics compared to the same fertilization rates without inoculation. The results of this study showed that the use of bio-fertilizers led to an increase in plant tolerance to drought stress, and this was demonstrated by an increase in various traits with the use of treatments that include bio-fertilizers. Therefore, it is suggested to inoculate the seeds with AMF or PSB plus adding phosphate fertilizers at the recommended dose under drought conditions.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
AMF yielded the highest plant height, spike length and spike weight.
- Taxon
- Barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Treatment
- AMF bio-fertilizere0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant height, spike length, spike weighte0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the treatment with AMF bio-fertilizer yielded the highest values of plant height, spike length, spike weight, number of grains/spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, straw yield, biological yield, and harvest index.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF yielded the highest grains per spike, 1000 grain weight and grain yield.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- AMF bio-fertilizere0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- number of grains/spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment with AMF bio-fertilizer yielded the highest values of plant height, spike length, spike weight, number of grains/spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, straw yield, biological yield, and harvest index.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF yielded the highest straw yield, biological yield and harvest index.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- AMF bio-fertilizere0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- straw yield, biological yield, and harvest indexe0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment with AMF bio-fertilizer yielded the highest values of plant height, spike length, spike weight, number of grains/spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, straw yield, biological yield, and harvest index.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF had superior grain and straw uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, followed by PSB.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- AMF bio-fertilizere1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- grain and straw uptake of nitrogen (N), P, and potassium (K)e0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Comparator
- inoculation by PSBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the grain and straw uptake of nitrogen (N), P, and potassium (K) (kg ha−1) in the two seasons under the three levels of irrigation, respectively, were superior followed by the inoculation by PSB.”
e1“the treatment with AMF bio-fertilizer yielded the highest values”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Without biofertilizer, barley traits had the lowest values.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- without bio-fertilizere0
- Outcome
- these traitse0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment without bio-fertilizer yielded the lowest values of these traits of barley”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased barley grain yield by 17.27% in one season.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- applying AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17.27%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment with bio-fertilizer yielded the increased percentage of the grain yield by 17.27%, 17.33% with applying AMF, and 10.31%, 10.40% with treatment by PSB.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased barley grain yield by 17.33% in the other season.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- applying AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17.33%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment with bio-fertilizer yielded the increased percentage of the grain yield by 17.27%, 17.33% with applying AMF, and 10.31%, 10.40% with treatment by PSB.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
PSB increased barley grain yield by 10.31% in one season.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- treatment by PSBe0
- Interactor
- PSBe0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.31%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment with bio-fertilizer yielded the increased percentage of the grain yield by 17.27%, 17.33% with applying AMF, and 10.31%, 10.40% with treatment by PSB.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
PSB increased barley grain yield by 10.40% in the other season.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- treatment by PSBe0
- Interactor
- PSBe0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.40%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment with bio-fertilizer yielded the increased percentage of the grain yield by 17.27%, 17.33% with applying AMF, and 10.31%, 10.40% with treatment by PSB.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF with phosphorus fertilizer increased grain yield during irrigation shortage against the same fertilizer without inoculation.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- irrigation was performed once or twicee0
- Comparator
- the same fertilization rates without inoculatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with AMF or PSB (Phosphorien), plus rates of phosphorus fertilizer under conditions of irrigation water shortage, whether irrigation was performed once or twice, led to an increase in grain yield and other characteristics compared to the same fertilization rates without inoculation.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
PSB with phosphorus fertilizer increased grain yield during irrigation shortage against the same fertilizer without inoculation.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- PSB (Phosphorien)e0
- Interactor
- PSBe0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- irrigation was performed once or twicee0
- Comparator
- the same fertilization rates without inoculatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with AMF or PSB (Phosphorien), plus rates of phosphorus fertilizer under conditions of irrigation water shortage, whether irrigation was performed once or twice, led to an increase in grain yield and other characteristics compared to the same fertilization rates without inoculation.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest AMF inoculation with recommended phosphate fertilizer under drought.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- phosphate fertilizers at the recommended dosee0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- inoculate the seeds with AMFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it is suggested to inoculate the seeds with AMF or PSB plus adding phosphate fertilizers at the recommended dose under drought conditions.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest PSB inoculation with recommended phosphate fertilizer under drought.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Interactor
- PSBe0symbiont
- Outcome
- PSB plus adding phosphate fertilizers at the recommended dose under drought conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it is suggested to inoculate the seeds with AMF or PSB plus adding phosphate fertilizers at the recommended dose under drought conditions.”
t0“Barley”
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