Abstract
Vermicompost (VC) produced by African nightcrawler earthworms (Eudrilus eugeniae) is a natural fertilizer with a rich microbial community. Trichoderma asperelloides PSU-P1 is an effective antagonistic microorganism with multifaceted activity mechanisms. This research aimed to develop Trichoderma-bioenriched vermicompost (TBVC) to promote plant growth and induce the defense response in the Thai rice variety “Chor Khing”. T. asperelloides PSU-P1 was tested against Rhizoctonia solani, the pathogen of sheath blight disease, using a dual-culture assay. The results showed that T. asperelloides PSU-P1 effectively inhibited R. solani in vitro growth by 70.48%. The TBVC was prepared by adding a conidial suspension (108 conidia/mL) to vermicompost. The viability of Trichoderma persisted in the vermicompost for 6 months and ranged from 1.2 to 2.8 × 107 CFU/mL. Vermicompost water extracts significantly enhanced seed germination, root length, and shoot length compared to a control group (p < 0.05). Plants that received the TBVC displayed significantly longer shoot and root lengths and higher total chlorophyll content than control plants (p < 0.05). The TBVC induced defense response by increasing the enzyme activity of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in comparison with control plants. Rice grown in the TBVC had a significantly reduced incidence of sheath blight caused by R. solani in comparison with control rice (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the fungal community of rice plants was analyzed via the high-throughput next-generation sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS). The fungal community in the TBVC had greater alpha diversity than the community in the VC. Phylum Ascomycota was dominant in both samples, and a heat map showed that Trichoderma was more prevalent in the TBVC than in the VC. Our results indicate that the enrichment of VC with Trichoderma increases growth, enhances the defense response, and reduces the incidence of sheath blight disease in the Thai rice variety “Chor Khing”.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma inhibited R. solani growth by 70.48% in vitro.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Interactor
- R. solani
Rhizoctonia solanie0pathogen - Second interactor
- T. asperelloides PSU-P1Trichoderma asperelloidese0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- R. solani in vitro growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 70.48%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T. asperelloides PSU-P1 effectively inhibited R. solani in vitro growth by 70.48%”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma remained viable in vermicompost for six months.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma
Trichodermae0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- viability of Trichodermae0
- Value
- 1.2 to 2.8 × 107 CFU/mLe0
- Qualifier
- 6 monthse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The viability of Trichoderma persisted in the vermicompost for 6 months and ranged from 1.2 to 2.8 × 107 CFU/mL”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost water extracts enhanced seed germination.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Vermicompost water extractse0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- a control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vermicompost water extracts significantly enhanced seed germination, root length, and shoot length compared to a control group (p < 0.05)”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost water extracts enhanced root and shoot length.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Vermicompost water extractse0
- Outcome
- root length, and shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- a control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vermicompost water extracts significantly enhanced seed germination, root length, and shoot length compared to a control group (p < 0.05)”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
TBVC increased shoot and root lengths.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- TBVCe0
- Outcome
- shoot and root lengthse0
- Direction
- longere0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants that received the TBVC displayed significantly longer shoot and root lengths and higher total chlorophyll content than control plants (p < 0.05)”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
TBVC increased total chlorophyll.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- TBVCe0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants that received the TBVC displayed significantly longer shoot and root lengths and higher total chlorophyll content than control plants (p < 0.05)”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
TBVC increased peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- TBVCe0
- Outcome
- enzyme activity of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO)e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The TBVC induced defense response by increasing the enzyme activity of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in comparison with control plants”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
TBVC reduced R. solani sheath blight incidence.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- TBVCe0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- incidence of sheath blight caused by R. solanie0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- control ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice grown in the TBVC had a significantly reduced incidence of sheath blight caused by R. solani in comparison with control rice (p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungal community in TBVC had greater alpha diversity than VC.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- fungal community in the TBVC had greater alpha diversitye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- VCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungal community in the TBVC had greater alpha diversity than the community in the VC”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascomycota was dominant in TBVC and VC.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- Phylum Ascomycota was dominante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phylum Ascomycota was dominant in both samples”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma was more prevalent in TBVC than VC.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Trichoderma was more prevalente0
- Direction
- more prevalente0
- Comparator
- VCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trichoderma was more prevalent in the TBVC than in the VC”
t0“Rice”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.