Abstract
The pollution of heavy metals (HMs) is a major environmental concern for agricultural farming communities due to water scarcity, which forces farmers to use wastewater for irrigation purposes in Pakistan. Vegetables grown around the cities are irrigated with domestic and industrial wastewater from areas near mining, paint, and ceramic industries that pollute edible parts of crops with various HMs. Cadmium (Cd) is an extremely toxic metal in arable soil that enters the food chain and damages the native biota, ultimately causing a reduction in plant growth and development. However, the use of microbes and growth regulators enhances plant growth and development as well as HM immobilization into the cell wall and hinders their entry into the food chain. Thus, the integrated use of bacterial consortium along with exogenously applied jasmonic acid (JA) mitigates the adverse effect of metal stress, ultimately reducing the metal mobility into roots by soil. Therefore, the current study was conducted to check the impact of Cd-tolerant bacteria and JA on the growth, nutrient status, and uptake of Cd in the cauliflower ( Brassica oleracea ). Our results demonstrated that increasing concentrations of Cd negatively affect growth, physiological, and biochemical attributes, while the use of a bacterial consortium (SS7 + SS8) with JA (40 μmol L −1 ) significantly improved chlorophyll contents, stem fresh and dry biomass (19.7, 12.7, and 17.3%), root length and root fresh and dry weights (28.8, 15.2, and 23.0%), and curd fresh and dry weights and curd diameter (18.7, 12.6, and 15.1%). However, the maximum reduction in soil Cd, roots, and curd uptake was observed by 8, 11, and 9.3%, respectively, under integrated treatment as compared to the control. Moreover, integrating bacterial consortium and JA improves superoxide dismutase (SOD) (16.79%), peroxidase dismutase (POD) (26.96%), peroxidase (POX) (26.13%), and catalase (CAT) (26.86%). The plant nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents were significantly increased in soil, roots, and curd up to 8, 11, and 9.3%, respectively. Hence, a consortium of Klebsiella strains in combination with JA is a potential phytostabilizer and it reduces the uptake of Cd from soil to roots to alleviate the adverse impact on cauliflower’s growth and productivity.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing cadmium concentrations reduced cauliflower growth, physiological, and biochemical attributes.
- Taxon
- cauliflower
Brassica oleracea var. botrytist0 - Treatment
- Cde0
- Outcome
- growth, physiological, and biochemical attributese0
- Direction
- negatively affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing concentrations of Cd negatively affect growth, physiological, and biochemical attributes”
t0“cauliflower”
e1“bacterial consortium (SS7 + SS8) with JA (40 μmol L −1 ) significantly improved”
Claim · model-written summary
Consortium plus JA improved chlorophyll content by 19.7%.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- bacterial consortium (SS7 + SS8) with JA (40 μmol L −1 )e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contentse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 19.7e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bacterial consortium (SS7 + SS8) with JA (40 μmol L −1 ) significantly improved chlorophyll contents, stem fresh and dry biomass (19.7, 12.7, and 17.3%)”
t0“cauliflower”
e1“bacterial consortium (SS7 + SS8) with JA (40 μmol L −1 ) significantly improved”
Claim · model-written summary
Consortium plus JA improved stem fresh biomass by 12.7%.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- bacterial consortium (SS7 + SS8) with JA (40 μmol L −1 )e1
- Outcome
- stem freshe0
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 12.7e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stem fresh and dry biomass (19.7, 12.7, and 17.3%)”
t0“cauliflower”
e1“bacterial consortium (SS7 + SS8) with JA (40 μmol L −1 ) significantly improved”
Claim · model-written summary
Consortium plus JA improved stem dry biomass by 17.3%.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- bacterial consortium (SS7 + SS8) with JA (40 μmol L −1 )e1
- Outcome
- stem fresh and dry biomasse0
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 17.3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stem fresh and dry biomass (19.7, 12.7, and 17.3%)”
t0“cauliflower”
e1“bacterial consortium (SS7 + SS8) with JA (40 μmol L −1 ) significantly improved”
Claim · model-written summary
Consortium plus JA improved root length by 28.8%.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- bacterial consortium (SS7 + SS8) with JA (40 μmol L −1 )e1
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 28.8e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root length and root fresh and dry weights (28.8, 15.2, and 23.0%)”
t0“cauliflower”
e1“bacterial consortium (SS7 + SS8) with JA (40 μmol L −1 ) significantly improved”
Claim · model-written summary
Consortium plus JA improved root fresh weight by 15.2%.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- bacterial consortium (SS7 + SS8) with JA (40 μmol L −1 )e1
- Outcome
- root freshe0
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 15.2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root length and root fresh and dry weights (28.8, 15.2, and 23.0%)”
t0“cauliflower”
e1“bacterial consortium (SS7 + SS8) with JA (40 μmol L −1 ) significantly improved”
Claim · model-written summary
Consortium plus JA improved root dry weight by 23.0%.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- bacterial consortium (SS7 + SS8) with JA (40 μmol L −1 )e1
- Outcome
- root fresh and dry weightse0
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 23.0e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root length and root fresh and dry weights (28.8, 15.2, and 23.0%)”
t0“cauliflower”
e1“bacterial consortium (SS7 + SS8) with JA (40 μmol L −1 ) significantly improved”
Claim · model-written summary
Consortium plus JA improved curd fresh weight by 18.7%.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- bacterial consortium (SS7 + SS8) with JA (40 μmol L −1 )e1
- Outcome
- curd freshe0
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 18.7e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“curd fresh and dry weights and curd diameter (18.7, 12.6, and 15.1%)”
t0“cauliflower”
e1“bacterial consortium (SS7 + SS8) with JA (40 μmol L −1 ) significantly improved”
Claim · model-written summary
Consortium plus JA improved curd dry weight by 12.6%.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- bacterial consortium (SS7 + SS8) with JA (40 μmol L −1 )e1
- Outcome
- curd fresh and dry weightse0
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 12.6e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“curd fresh and dry weights and curd diameter (18.7, 12.6, and 15.1%)”
t0“cauliflower”
e1“bacterial consortium (SS7 + SS8) with JA (40 μmol L −1 ) significantly improved”
Claim · model-written summary
Consortium plus JA improved curd diameter by 15.1%.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- bacterial consortium (SS7 + SS8) with JA (40 μmol L −1 )e1
- Outcome
- curd diametere0
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 15.1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“curd fresh and dry weights and curd diameter (18.7, 12.6, and 15.1%)”
t0“cauliflower”
e1“bacterial consortium (SS7 + SS8) with JA (40 μmol L −1 ) significantly improved”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated treatment reduced soil cadmium by 8% against control.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“maximum reduction in soil Cd, roots, and curd uptake was observed by 8, 11, and 9.3%, respectively, under integrated treatment as compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated treatment reduced root cadmium uptake by 11% against control.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- integrated treatmente0
- Outcome
- rootse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 11e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum reduction in soil Cd, roots, and curd uptake was observed by 8, 11, and 9.3%, respectively, under integrated treatment as compared to the control”
t0“cauliflower”
e1“bacterial consortium (SS7 + SS8) with JA (40 μmol L −1 ) significantly improved”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated treatment reduced curd cadmium uptake by 9.3% against control.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- integrated treatmente0
- Outcome
- curd uptakee0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 9.3%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum reduction in soil Cd, roots, and curd uptake was observed by 8, 11, and 9.3%, respectively, under integrated treatment as compared to the control”
t0“cauliflower”
e1“bacterial consortium (SS7 + SS8) with JA (40 μmol L −1 ) significantly improved”
Claim · model-written summary
Consortium plus JA improved superoxide dismutase by 16.79%.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- bacterial consortium and JAe0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Direction
- improvese0
- Value
- 16.79%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“integrating bacterial consortium and JA improves superoxide dismutase (SOD) (16.79%)”
t0“cauliflower”
e1“bacterial consortium (SS7 + SS8) with JA (40 μmol L −1 ) significantly improved”
Claim · model-written summary
Consortium plus JA improved peroxidase dismutase by 26.96%.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- bacterial consortium and JAe1
- Outcome
- peroxidase dismutase (POD)e0
- Direction
- improvese1
- Value
- 26.96%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“peroxidase dismutase (POD) (26.96%)”
t0“cauliflower”
e1“integrating bacterial consortium and JA improves”
Claim · model-written summary
Consortium plus JA improved peroxidase by 26.13%.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- bacterial consortium and JAe1
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POX)e0
- Direction
- improvese1
- Value
- 26.13%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“peroxidase (POX) (26.13%)”
t0“cauliflower”
e1“integrating bacterial consortium and JA improves”
Claim · model-written summary
Consortium plus JA improved catalase by 26.86%.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- bacterial consortium and JAe1
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- improvese1
- Value
- 26.86%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase (CAT) (26.86%)”
t0“cauliflower”
e1“integrating bacterial consortium and JA improves”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents increased significantly in soil, roots, and curd.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Outcome
- plant nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8, 11, and 9.3%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plant nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents were significantly increased in soil, roots, and curd up to 8, 11, and 9.3%, respectively”
t0“cauliflower”
e1“bacterial consortium (SS7 + SS8) with JA (40 μmol L −1 ) significantly improved”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose consortium plus JA as a phytostabilizer for cadmium stressed cauliflower.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Outcome
- potential phytostabilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a consortium of Klebsiella strains in combination with JA is a potential phytostabilizer”
t0“cauliflower”
e1“bacterial consortium (SS7 + SS8) with JA (40 μmol L −1 ) significantly improved”
The same questions in other papers
cadmium atom · growth · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results differ
13 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
12 papers more in this group
See all 16 papers →jasmonic acid · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
jasmonic acid · physiology: pigments · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
jasmonic acid · growth · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.