Abstract
Previous studies have confirmed the stimulating effect of blue light on phenolic compound accumulation and emphasized that sufficient dose of blue light is essential for biosynthesis of B-dihydroxylated flavonoids with enhanced antioxidant properties (under UV-lacking conditions). This study investigates the importance of blue light and complex role of phenolic compounds in plant tolerance against acute photooxidative stress. Hordeum vulgare (L. Cv. Bojos) seedlings were acclimated to different light spectra (blue, green:red 1:1, and white composed of blue:green:red 1:1:1) at total irradiance 400 µmol.m −2 .s −1 . Subsequently, they were subjected to a 3-hour combined stress induced by high photosynthetically active (850–950 µmol.m −2 .s −1 ) and UV-B (2.0–2.5 W.m −2 ) radiation. Content of flavonoids, expression of genes involved in their biosynthesis (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase, flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase), and antioxidant activity of plant extracts were significantly highest in plants acclimated to blue light. As an indicator of reactive oxygen species interaction with biomolecules, the content of lipid hydroperoxides was estimated. It was demonstrated that plants acclimated to blue light revealed significantly lower extent of lipid peroxidation compared to those acclimated to white or green:red light. Plants exposed to combined light-induced stress for 3 hours exhibited pronounced disruption of PSII function: F V /F M tended to decrease proportionally with decreasing amount of blue photons in the treatments. Additionally, stress exposure upregulated the expression of genes related to phenolic compounds but not genes encoding antioxidant enzymes. We confirmed higher resistance of plants acclimated to blue light and presume that phenolic compounds are significantly involved in protection during the acute phase of stress. • High PAR + UV-B stress upregulates genes for phenolic compound biosynthesis. • Blue light enhances content of specific protective B-dihydroxylated flavonoids. • Plants acclimated to blue light are less susceptible to lipid peroxidation. • Blue light improves PSII stability and enhances recovery after excessive light stress.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Flavonoid content was highest in barley acclimated to blue light.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare
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Hordeum vulgaree2 - Organ / stage
- seedlingse2
- Treatment
- blue lighte3
- Outcome
- Content of flavonoidse3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Comparator
- green:red 1:1e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e2“Hordeum vulgare (L. Cv. Bojos) seedlings were acclimated to different light spectra (blue, green:red 1:1, and white composed of blue:green:red 1:1:1)”
e3“Content of flavonoids, expression of genes involved in their biosynthesis (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase, flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase), and antioxidant activity of plant extracts were significantly highest in plants acclimated to blue light”
Claim · model-written summary
Expression of flavonoid biosynthesis genes was highest in barley acclimated to blue light.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree2
- Treatment
- blue lighte3
- Gene
- phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase, flavonoid 3′-hydroxylasee3
- Outcome
- expression of genes involved in their biosynthesise3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Comparator
- green:red 1:1e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Hordeum vulgare (L. Cv. Bojos) seedlings were acclimated to different light spectra (blue, green:red 1:1, and white composed of blue:green:red 1:1:1)”
e3“Content of flavonoids, expression of genes involved in their biosynthesis (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase, flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase), and antioxidant activity of plant extracts were significantly highest in plants acclimated to blue light”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant activity of plant extracts was highest in barley acclimated to blue light.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree2
- Treatment
- blue lighte3
- Outcome
- antioxidant activity of plant extractse3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Comparator
- green:red 1:1e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Hordeum vulgare (L. Cv. Bojos) seedlings were acclimated to different light spectra (blue, green:red 1:1, and white composed of blue:green:red 1:1:1)”
e3“Content of flavonoids, expression of genes involved in their biosynthesis (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase, flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase), and antioxidant activity of plant extracts were significantly highest in plants acclimated to blue light”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue light acclimation lowered lipid peroxidation compared with white or green:red light.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree2
- Treatment
- blue lighte4
- Outcome
- extent of lipid peroxidatione4
- Direction
- lowere4
- Comparator
- white or green:red lighte4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Hordeum vulgare (L. Cv. Bojos) seedlings were acclimated to different light spectra (blue, green:red 1:1, and white composed of blue:green:red 1:1:1)”
e4“plants acclimated to blue light revealed significantly lower extent of lipid peroxidation compared to those acclimated to white or green:red light”
Claim · model-written summary
F V /F M tended to decrease with decreasing amount of blue photons.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree2
- Treatment
- decreasing amount of blue photonse5
- Outcome
- F V /F Me5
- Direction
- decreasee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Hordeum vulgare (L. Cv. Bojos) seedlings were acclimated to different light spectra (blue, green:red 1:1, and white composed of blue:green:red 1:1:1)”
e5“F V /F M tended to decrease proportionally with decreasing amount of blue photons in the treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined light-induced stress caused pronounced disruption of PSII function.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree2
- Treatment
- combined light-induced stresse6
- Outcome
- PSII functione6
- Direction
- disruptione6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Hordeum vulgare (L. Cv. Bojos) seedlings were acclimated to different light spectra (blue, green:red 1:1, and white composed of blue:green:red 1:1:1)”
e6“Plants exposed to combined light-induced stress for 3 hours exhibited pronounced disruption of PSII function”
Claim · model-written summary
Stress exposure upregulated expression of genes related to phenolic compounds.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree2
- Treatment
- stress exposuree7
- Outcome
- expression of genes related to phenolic compoundse7
- Direction
- upregulatede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Hordeum vulgare (L. Cv. Bojos) seedlings were acclimated to different light spectra (blue, green:red 1:1, and white composed of blue:green:red 1:1:1)”
e7“stress exposure upregulated the expression of genes related to phenolic compounds but not genes encoding antioxidant enzymes”
Claim · model-written summary
Stress exposure did not change expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree2
- Treatment
- stress exposuree7
- Outcome
- genes encoding antioxidant enzymese7
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Hordeum vulgare (L. Cv. Bojos) seedlings were acclimated to different light spectra (blue, green:red 1:1, and white composed of blue:green:red 1:1:1)”
e7“stress exposure upregulated the expression of genes related to phenolic compounds but not genes encoding antioxidant enzymes”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants acclimated to blue light showed higher resistance to the combined stress.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree2
- Treatment
- blue lighte6
- Outcome
- resistancee6
- Direction
- highere6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Hordeum vulgare (L. Cv. Bojos) seedlings were acclimated to different light spectra (blue, green:red 1:1, and white composed of blue:green:red 1:1:1)”
e6“We confirmed higher resistance of plants acclimated to blue light”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue light improves PSII stability.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree2
- Treatment
- Blue lighte6
- Outcome
- PSII stabilitye6
- Direction
- improvese6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Hordeum vulgare (L. Cv. Bojos) seedlings were acclimated to different light spectra (blue, green:red 1:1, and white composed of blue:green:red 1:1:1)”
e6“Blue light improves PSII stability and enhances recovery after excessive light stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue light enhances recovery after excessive light stress.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree2
- Treatment
- Blue lighte6
- Outcome
- recovery after excessive light stresse6
- Direction
- enhancese6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Hordeum vulgare (L. Cv. Bojos) seedlings were acclimated to different light spectra (blue, green:red 1:1, and white composed of blue:green:red 1:1:1)”
e6“Blue light improves PSII stability and enhances recovery after excessive light stress”
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