Abstract
A 2-year experiment was undertaken to assess the impact of irrigation water quality, nitrogen doses, and microbial inoculants on soil nutrient availability, plant growth parameters, and green pod yield of cowpea in the semi-arid region of Punjab, India. Irrespective of other factors, nitrogen levels significantly influenced available N, P, and Fe in both years and across years when pooled, while Mn content was notably affected only when data were combined across years. Elevated soil pH, EC, K, and micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn) were observed in saline water irrigated plots in both years and across pooled data, whereas available N and P were high in canal water irrigated plots. Microbial inoculants reduced soil pH and EC while enhancing soil nutrient availability. Canal water irrigation, regardless of other variables, increased plant height by 13.9%, 16.4%, and 15.1%, pods per plant by 6.0%, 5.9%, and 2.7%, pod length by 6.1%, 4.3%, and 5.2%, and green pod yield by 114.4%, 118.0%, and 116.3% in 2019, 2020, and pooled years. Decreasing nitrogen levels also reduced pods per plant by 6.9%, 6.8%, and 6.7%, pod length by 10.6%, 11.8%, and 11.2%, and green pod yield by 8.6%, 7.2%, and 7.8% in 2019, 2020, and pooled years, regardless of other factors. Likewise, liquid bio-fertilizers, either alone or in combination, significantly affected pods per plant by 16.6%, 18.6%, and 17.5%, pod length by 26.4%, 28.1%, and 27.3%, and green pod yield by 12%, 32.82%, and 14.2% in 2019, 2020, and pooled years, irrespective of other factors.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen levels significantly affected soil N, P and Fe availability.
- Taxon
- cowpea
Vigna unguiculatat0 - Treatment
- nitrogen levelse0
- Outcome
- available N, P, and Fee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen levels significantly influenced available N, P, and Fe in both years and across years when pooled”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen levels affected soil Mn only in pooled years.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- nitrogen levelse1
- Outcome
- Mn contente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mn content was notably affected only when data were combined across years”
t0“cowpea”
e1“Irrespective of other factors, nitrogen levels significantly influenced available N, P, and Fe”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline irrigation raised soil pH, EC, K and micronutrients.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- saline water irrigated plotse0
- Outcome
- soil pH, EC, Ke0
- Direction
- Elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated soil pH, EC, K, and micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn) were observed in saline water irrigated plots”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Canal water irrigation raised available soil N and P.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- canal water irrigated plotse0
- Outcome
- available N and Pe0
- Direction
- highe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“available N and P were high in canal water irrigated plots.”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial inoculants reduced soil pH and EC.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Microbial inoculantse0
- Outcome
- soil pH and ECe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Microbial inoculants reduced soil pH and EC while enhancing soil nutrient availability.”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial inoculants enhanced soil nutrient availability.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Microbial inoculantse0
- Outcome
- soil nutrient availabilitye0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Microbial inoculants reduced soil pH and EC while enhancing soil nutrient availability.”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Canal irrigation increased plant height across years.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Canal water irrigatione0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.9%, 16.4%, and 15.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Canal water irrigation, regardless of other variables, increased plant height by 13.9%, 16.4%, and 15.1%”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Canal irrigation increased pods per plant across years.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Canal water irrigatione1
- Outcome
- pods per plante0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 6.0%, 5.9%, and 2.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pods per plant by 6.0%, 5.9%, and 2.7%”
t0“cowpea”
e1“Canal water irrigation, regardless of other variables, increased plant height”
Claim · model-written summary
Canal irrigation increased pod length across years.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Canal water irrigatione1
- Outcome
- pod lengthe0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 6.1%, 4.3%, and 5.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pod length by 6.1%, 4.3%, and 5.2%”
t0“cowpea”
e1“Canal water irrigation, regardless of other variables, increased plant height”
Claim · model-written summary
Canal irrigation increased green pod yield across years.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Canal water irrigatione1
- Outcome
- green pod yielde0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 114.4%, 118.0%, and 116.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“green pod yield by 114.4%, 118.0%, and 116.3%”
t0“cowpea”
e1“Canal water irrigation, regardless of other variables, increased plant height”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower nitrogen reduced pods per plant across years.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Decreasing nitrogen levelse0
- Outcome
- pods per plante0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 6.9%, 6.8%, and 6.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Decreasing nitrogen levels also reduced pods per plant by 6.9%, 6.8%, and 6.7%”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower nitrogen reduced pod length across years.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Decreasing nitrogen levelse1
- Outcome
- pod lengthe0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
- Value
- 10.6%, 11.8%, and 11.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pod length by 10.6%, 11.8%, and 11.2%”
t0“cowpea”
e1“Decreasing nitrogen levels also reduced pods per plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower nitrogen reduced green pod yield across years.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Decreasing nitrogen levelse1
- Outcome
- green pod yielde0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
- Value
- 8.6%, 7.2%, and 7.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“green pod yield by 8.6%, 7.2%, and 7.8%”
t0“cowpea”
e1“Decreasing nitrogen levels also reduced pods per plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Liquid biofertilizers significantly affected pods per plant across years.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- liquid bio-fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- pods per plante0
- Value
- 16.6%, 18.6%, and 17.5%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“liquid bio-fertilizers, either alone or in combination, significantly affected pods per plant by 16.6%, 18.6%, and 17.5%”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Liquid biofertilizers significantly affected pod length across years.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- liquid bio-fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- pod lengthe0
- Value
- 26.4%, 28.1%, and 27.3%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pod length by 26.4%, 28.1%, and 27.3%”
t0“cowpea”
e1“liquid bio-fertilizers, either alone or in combination”
Claim · model-written summary
Liquid biofertilizers significantly affected green pod yield across years.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- liquid bio-fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- green pod yielde0
- Value
- 12%, 32.82%, and 14.2%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“green pod yield by 12%, 32.82%, and 14.2%”
t0“cowpea”
e1“liquid bio-fertilizers, either alone or in combination”
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