Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) exhibit diverse applications, including antimicrobial, UV-blocking, and catalytic properties, due to their unique structure and properties. This study focused on the characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) synthesized from Juglans regia leaves and their application in mitigating the impact of simultaneous infection by Meloidogyne arenaria (root-knot nematode) and Macrophomina phaseolina (root-rot fungus) in cowpea plants. The characterization of ZnO NPs was carried out through various analytical techniques, including UV–visible spectrophotometry, Powder-XRD analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, and SEM-EDX analysis. The study confirmed the successful synthesis of ZnO NPs with a hexagonal wurtzite structure and exceptional purity. Under in vitro conditions, ZnO NPs exhibited significant nematicidal and antifungal activities. The mortality of M. arenaria juveniles increased with rising ZnO NP concentrations, and a similar trend was observed in the inhibition of M. phaseolina mycelial growth. SEM studies revealed physical damage to nematodes and structural distortions in fungal hyphae due to ZnO NP treatment. In infected cowpea plants, ZnO NPs significantly improved plant growth parameters, including plant length, fresh mass, and dry mass, especially at higher concentrations. Leghemoglobin content and the number of root nodules also increased after ZnO NP treatment. Additionally, ZnO NPs reduced gall formation and egg mass production by M. arenaria nematodes and effectively inhibited the growth of M. phaseolina in the roots. Furthermore, histochemical analyses demonstrated a reduction in oxidative stress, as indicated by decreased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation in ZnO NP-treated plants. These findings highlight the potential of green-synthesized ZnO NPs as an eco-friendly and effective solution to manage disease complex in cowpea caused by simultaneous nematode and fungal infections.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles synthesized from walnut leaves had a pure hexagonal wurtzite structure.
- Taxon
- Cowpea
Vigna unguiculatat0 - Treatment
- ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- hexagonal wurtzite structure and exceptional puritye0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“successful synthesis of ZnO NPs with a hexagonal wurtzite structure and exceptional purity”
e1“ZnO NPs) synthesized from Juglans regia leaves”
t0“Cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles showed significant nematicidal activity in vitro.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- nematicidale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under in vitro conditions, ZnO NPs exhibited significant nematicidal and antifungal activities.”
t0“Cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles showed significant antifungal activity in vitro.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- antifungal activitiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under in vitro conditions, ZnO NPs exhibited significant nematicidal and antifungal activities.”
t0“Cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
M. arenaria juvenile mortality increased with ZnO nanoparticle concentration.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- ZnO NP concentrationse0
- Interactor
- M. arenaria
.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogyne arenariae0pathogen - Outcome
- mortality of M. arenaria juvenilese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The mortality of M. arenaria juveniles increased with rising ZnO NP concentrations”
t0“Cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
M. phaseolina mycelial growth inhibition increased with ZnO nanoparticle concentration.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- ZnO NP concentrationse0
- Interactor
- M. phaseolina
Macrophomina phaseolinae0pathogen - Outcome
- inhibition of M. phaseolina mycelial growthe0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZnO NP concentrations, and a similar trend was observed in the inhibition of M. phaseolina mycelial growth.”
e1“The mortality of M. arenaria juveniles increased with rising ZnO NP concentrations, and a similar trend was observed in the inhibition of M. phaseolina mycelial growth.”
t0“Cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles physically damaged nematodes.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- ZnO NP treatmente0
- Outcome
- physical damage to nematodese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“physical damage to nematodes and structural distortions in fungal hyphae due to ZnO NP treatment”
t0“Cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles distorted fungal hyphae.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- ZnO NP treatmente0
- Interactor
- fungale0pathogen
- Outcome
- structural distortions in fungal hyphaee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“physical damage to nematodes and structural distortions in fungal hyphae due to ZnO NP treatment”
t0“Cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles significantly improved length, fresh mass and dry mass of infected cowpea, especially at higher doses.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- plant length, fresh mass, and dry masse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- especially at higher concentrationse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In infected cowpea plants, ZnO NPs significantly improved plant growth parameters, including plant length, fresh mass, and dry mass, especially at higher concentrations.”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles increased cowpea leghemoglobin content.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- ZnO NP treatmente0
- Outcome
- Leghemoglobin contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leghemoglobin content and the number of root nodules also increased after ZnO NP treatment.”
t0“Cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles increased cowpea root nodule number.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- ZnO NP treatmente0
- Outcome
- number of root nodulese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leghemoglobin content and the number of root nodules also increased after ZnO NP treatment.”
t0“Cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles reduced galls from M. arenaria.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- ZnO NPse0
- Interactor
- M. arenariaMeloidogyne arenariae0pathogen
- Outcome
- gall formatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZnO NPs reduced gall formation and egg mass production by M. arenaria nematodes”
t0“Cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles reduced M. arenaria egg mass production.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- ZnO NPse0
- Interactor
- M. arenariaMeloidogyne arenariae0pathogen
- Outcome
- egg mass production by M. arenaria nematodese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZnO NPs reduced gall formation and egg mass production by M. arenaria nematodes”
t0“Cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles inhibited M. phaseolina growth in cowpea roots.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- ZnO NPse1
- Interactor
- M. phaseolinaMacrophomina phaseolinae0pathogen
- Outcome
- growth of M. phaseolina in the rootse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effectively inhibited the growth of M. phaseolina in the roots”
e1“ZnO NPs reduced gall formation and egg mass production by M. arenaria nematodes and effectively inhibited the growth of M. phaseolina in the roots.”
t0“Cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles reduced reactive oxygen species in infected cowpea.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- ZnO NP-treatede0
- Outcome
- levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation in ZnO NP-treated plants”
t0“Cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles reduced lipid peroxidation in infected cowpea.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- ZnO NP-treatede0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation in ZnO NP-treated plants”
t0“Cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose green-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles for managing the cowpea disease complex.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- green-synthesized ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- solution to manage disease complexe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“green-synthesized ZnO NPs as an eco-friendly and effective solution to manage disease complex in cowpea caused by simultaneous nematode and fungal infections”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.