Abstract
Salt stress seriously affects crop growth, leading to a decline in crop quality and yield. Application of exogenous substances to improve the salt tolerance of crops and promote their growth under salt stress has become a widespread and effective means. Eugenol is a small molecule of plant origin with medicinal properties such as antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidant properties. In this study, tobacco seedlings were placed in Hoagland’s solution containing NaCl in the presence or absence of eugenol, and physiological indices related to stress tolerance were measured along with transcriptome sequencing. The results showed that eugenol improved the growth of tobacco seedlings under salt stress. It promoted carbon and nitrogen metabolism, increased the activities of nitrate reductase (NR), sucrose synthase (SS), and glutamine synthetase (GS) by 31.03, 5.80, and 51.06%. It also activated the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems, reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the tobacco seedlings, and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) by 24.38%, 18.22%, 21.60%, and 28.8%, respectively. The content of glutathione (GSH) was increased by 29.49%, and the content of superoxide anion (O2−) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were reduced by 29.83 and 33.86%, respectively. Promoted osmoregulation, the content of Na+ decreased by 34.34, K+ increased by 41.25%, and starch and soluble sugar increased by 7.72% and 25.42%, respectively. It coordinated hormone signaling in seedlings; the content of abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid 3 (GA3) increased by 51.93% and 266.28%, respectively. The transcriptome data indicated that the differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, the MAPK signaling pathway, and phytohormone signal transduction pathways. The results of this study revealed the novel role of eugenol in regulating plant resistance and provided a reference for the use of exogenous substances to alleviate salt stress.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol improved tobacco seedling growth under salt stress.
- Taxon
- tobacco
Nicotiana tabacume0 - Treatment
- eugenole0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- under salt stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“eugenol improved the growth of tobacco seedlings under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol promoted carbon and nitrogen metabolism under salt stress.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- eugenole1
- Outcome
- carbon and nitrogen metabolisme0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It promoted carbon and nitrogen metabolism”
e1“eugenol improved the growth of tobacco seedlings under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol increased nitrate reductase activity by 31.03%.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- eugenole1
- Gene
- nitrate reductase (NR)e0
- Outcome
- activities of nitrate reductase (NR)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 31.03e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the activities of nitrate reductase (NR), sucrose synthase (SS), and glutamine synthetase (GS) by 31.03, 5.80, and 51.06%”
e1“eugenol improved the growth of tobacco seedlings under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol increased sucrose synthase activity by 5.80%.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- eugenole1
- Gene
- sucrose synthase (SS)e0
- Outcome
- sucrose synthase (SS)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.80e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the activities of nitrate reductase (NR), sucrose synthase (SS), and glutamine synthetase (GS) by 31.03, 5.80, and 51.06%”
e1“eugenol improved the growth of tobacco seedlings under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol increased glutamine synthetase activity by 51.06%.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- eugenole1
- Gene
- glutamine synthetase (GS)e0
- Outcome
- glutamine synthetase (GS)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 51.06%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the activities of nitrate reductase (NR), sucrose synthase (SS), and glutamine synthetase (GS) by 31.03, 5.80, and 51.06%”
e1“eugenol improved the growth of tobacco seedlings under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol activated enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- eugenole1
- Outcome
- enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systemse0
- Direction
- activatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It also activated the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems”
e1“eugenol improved the growth of tobacco seedlings under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol reduced reactive oxygen species accumulation in tobacco seedlings.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- eugenole1
- Outcome
- accumulation of reactive oxygen speciese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the tobacco seedlings”
e1“eugenol improved the growth of tobacco seedlings under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol increased superoxide dismutase activity by 24.38%.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- eugenole1
- Gene
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Outcome
- activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 24.38%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) by 24.38%, 18.22%, 21.60%, and 28.8%, respectively”
e1“eugenol improved the growth of tobacco seedlings under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol increased peroxidase activity by 18.22%.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- eugenole1
- Gene
- peroxidase (POD)e0
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 18.22%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) by 24.38%, 18.22%, 21.60%, and 28.8%, respectively”
e1“eugenol improved the growth of tobacco seedlings under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol increased catalase activity by 21.60%.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- eugenole1
- Gene
- catalase (CAT)e0
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21.60%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) by 24.38%, 18.22%, 21.60%, and 28.8%, respectively”
e1“eugenol improved the growth of tobacco seedlings under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol increased ascorbate peroxidase activity by 28.8%.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- eugenole1
- Gene
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX)e0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 28.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) by 24.38%, 18.22%, 21.60%, and 28.8%, respectively”
e1“eugenol improved the growth of tobacco seedlings under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol increased glutathione content by 29.49%.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- eugenole1
- Outcome
- content of glutathione (GSH)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 29.49%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The content of glutathione (GSH) was increased by 29.49%”
e1“eugenol improved the growth of tobacco seedlings under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol reduced superoxide anion content by 29.83%.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- eugenole1
- Outcome
- content of superoxide anion (O2−)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 29.83e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the content of superoxide anion (O2−) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were reduced by 29.83 and 33.86%”
e1“eugenol improved the growth of tobacco seedlings under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol reduced malondialdehyde content by 33.86%.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- eugenole1
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 33.86%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the content of superoxide anion (O2−) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were reduced by 29.83 and 33.86%”
e1“eugenol improved the growth of tobacco seedlings under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol decreased sodium content by 34.34%.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- eugenole1
- Outcome
- content of Na+e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 34.34e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the content of Na+ decreased by 34.34, K+ increased by 41.25%”
e1“eugenol improved the growth of tobacco seedlings under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol increased potassium content by 41.25%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“K+ increased by 41.25%”
e1“eugenol improved the growth of tobacco seedlings under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol increased starch content by 7.72%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“starch and soluble sugar increased by 7.72% and 25.42%, respectively”
e1“eugenol improved the growth of tobacco seedlings under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol increased soluble sugar content by 25.42%.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- eugenole1
- Outcome
- soluble sugare0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 25.42%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“starch and soluble sugar increased by 7.72% and 25.42%, respectively”
e1“eugenol improved the growth of tobacco seedlings under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol increased abscisic acid content by 51.93%.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- eugenole1
- Outcome
- content of abscisic acid (ABA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 51.93%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the content of abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid 3 (GA3) increased by 51.93% and 266.28%, respectively”
e1“eugenol improved the growth of tobacco seedlings under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol increased gibberellic acid 3 content by 266.28%.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- eugenole1
- Outcome
- gibberellic acid 3 (GA3)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 266.28%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the content of abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid 3 (GA3) increased by 51.93% and 266.28%, respectively”
e1“eugenol improved the growth of tobacco seedlings under salt stress”
The same questions in other papers
eugenol · physiology: oxidative · Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)Results differ
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
eugenol · physiology: enzyme activity · Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
eugenol · molecular: metabolites · Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.