Abstract
Biochar application to soil has proven to be an excellent approach for decreasing the concentration of auto-toxic compounds and promoting plant growth in continuous-cropping fields. However, the mechanisms underlying the action pathway among biochars, auto-toxic compounds and tobacco remain unknown. In this study, we conducted an experiment tracking the incidence rate of black rot and auto-toxic compounds for a 3-year continuous-cropping tobacco pot trial in response to biochar treatment intensity compared with that of non-biochar treatment. Biochar inhibited the incidence of black rot. Using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC‒MS/MS), we revealed that biochar can effectively decrease the concentration of p -hydroxybenzoic acid (PHA), which is associated with the incidence rate of black rot (R 2 = 0.890, p < 0.05). The sorption kinetics and isotherm of PHA sorption on biochar indicate that the coexistence of heterogeneous and monolayer sorption plays an important role in the adsorption process. Using Molecular dynamics (MD), Density functional theory (DFT) and Independent gradient model (IGM) analyses, we provide evidence that van der Waals force (vdW), π–π bonds and H-bonds between biochar and PHAs are the dominant factors that affect adsorption capacity. Moreover, the molecular adsorption rate (N biochar : N PHAs = 1:4) was theoretically calculated. In contrast, biochar dramatically increased nutrient retention capacity and improved soil properties, further enhancing tobacco quality, including its agronomic and physiological traits. Therefore, we considered that biochar not only relieved continuous cropping but also improved soil properties suitable for tobacco growth. Together, we demonstrate that the action of biochar in continuously cropped soil improves soil traits and alleviates auto-toxic compound toxicity. These data contribute to the direction of modified biochar application to improve continuous-cropping soil.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar inhibited black rot incidence in continuously cropped tobacco.
- Taxon
- tobacco
Nicotiana tabacumt0 - Treatment
- Biochare0
- Outcome
- incidence of black rote0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar inhibited the incidence of black rot.”
t0“continuous cropping of tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar decreased soil p-hydroxybenzoic acid concentration.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- biochare0
- Outcome
- concentration of p -hydroxybenzoic acide0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar can effectively decrease the concentration of p -hydroxybenzoic acid (PHA)”
t0“continuous cropping of tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil PHA concentration was associated with tobacco black rot incidence.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Compound
- p -hydroxybenzoic acide0
- Outcome
- incidence rate of black rote0
- Value
- R 2 = 0.890e0
- Qualifier
- p < 0.05e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“p -hydroxybenzoic acid (PHA), which is associated with the incidence rate of black rot (R 2 = 0.890, p < 0.05)”
t0“continuous cropping of tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Heterogeneous and monolayer sorption contributed to PHA adsorption by biochar.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- adsorption processe0
- Qualifier
- coexistence of heterogeneous and monolayer sorptione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the coexistence of heterogeneous and monolayer sorption plays an important role in the adsorption process”
t0“continuous cropping of tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Van der Waals force, π–π bonds and H-bonds between biochar and PHAs affected adsorption capacity.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- adsorption capacitye0
- Qualifier
- van der Waals force (vdW), π–π bonds and H-bondse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“van der Waals force (vdW), π–π bonds and H-bonds between biochar and PHAs are the dominant factors that affect adsorption capacity”
t0“continuous cropping of tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
The theoretical molecular adsorption ratio of biochar to PHAs was 1:4.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- molecular adsorption ratee0
- Value
- 1:4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“molecular adsorption rate (N biochar : N PHAs = 1:4) was theoretically calculated”
t0“continuous cropping of tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased nutrient retention capacity.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- biochare0
- Outcome
- nutrient retention capacitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar dramatically increased nutrient retention capacity”
t0“continuous cropping of tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar improved soil properties.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- biochare0
- Outcome
- soil propertiese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar dramatically increased nutrient retention capacity and improved soil properties”
t0“continuous cropping of tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar enhanced tobacco agronomic and physiological traits.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- tobacco quality, including its agronomic and physiological traitse0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhancing tobacco quality, including its agronomic and physiological traits”
t0“continuous cropping of tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest applying modified biochar to improve continuously cropped soil.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- modified biochar application to improve continuous-cropping soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“modified biochar application to improve continuous-cropping soil”
t0“continuous cropping of tobacco”
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