Abstract
Cold stress is an important limiting factor affecting spring tea quality. This study analyzed the effects of foliar spraying of brassinolide (BR) at concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/L on the chlorophyll index, nitrogen balance index, quality, antioxidant defense system, and secondary metabolite profiles in leaves of Camellia sinensis cv. Fuding-dabaicha grown at 4 °C for 48 h. All exogenous BR treatments significantly increased leaf nitrogen balance index, with the highest effect at 0.1 mg/L, which also significantly increased leaf chlorophyll index. BR treatments distinctly increased tea polyphenol, catechin, amino acid, and caffeine levels at cold stress, with the greatest effect at 0.1 mg BR/L. Foliar spraying of BR showed no effect on the expression of CsGOGAT at cold stress, but it differentially regulated the expression of CsHMGR, CsGDH, and CsGs, accompanied by their expression being up-regulated under 0.1 mg BR/L treatment. BR-treated plants exhibited a low level of oxidative damage at cold stress based on malondialdehyde levels, which was associated with higher glutathione levels and CsCAT and CsSOD gene expression levels under BR concentrations of 0.05 mg/L and 0.1 mg/L. Non-targeted metabolomics found a total of 26,175 metabolites, the majority of which were lipids and lipid-like molecules (8.97%) and organic heterocyclic compounds (8.97%). BR treatments with 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/L triggered 1181, 1997, 2414, and 1455 differential metabolites, respectively, accompanied by more differential metabolites being up-regulated. Among them, 18 differential metabolites were associated with tea quality. The enriched pathways of differential metabolites were mainly caffeine metabolism, amino acid synthesis and metabolism, alkaloid synthesis and metabolism, and flavonoid synthesis, depending on the BR concentrations used. Caffeine metabolism was an BR-inducible differential metabolite pathway. Taken together, foliar spraying of BR (0.1 mg/L) improved leaf antioxidant capacity and quality as well as modulated secondary metabolites and their pathways in cold-stressed tea.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Brassinolide significantly increased leaf nitrogen balance index, greatest at 0.1 mg/L.
- Taxon
- Camellia sinensis
Camellia sinensise0 - Material
- Fuding-dabaichae0
- Treatment
- exogenous BR treatmentse1
- Outcome
- leaf nitrogen balance indexe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 0.1 mg/Le1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaves of Camellia sinensis cv. Fuding-dabaicha grown at 4 °C for 48 h”
e1“All exogenous BR treatments significantly increased leaf nitrogen balance index, with the highest effect at 0.1 mg/L”
Claim · model-written summary
Brassinolide at 0.1 mg/L significantly increased leaf chlorophyll index.
- Taxon
- Camellia sinensisCamellia sinensise0
- Material
- Fuding-dabaichae0
- Treatment
- 0.1 mg/Le1
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll indexe1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Camellia sinensis cv. Fuding-dabaicha”
e1“highest effect at 0.1 mg/L, which also significantly increased leaf chlorophyll index”
Claim · model-written summary
Brassinolide increased tea polyphenol, catechin, and amino acid levels under cold stress.
- Taxon
- Camellia sinensisCamellia sinensise0
- Treatment
- BR treatmentse1
- Outcome
- tea polyphenol, catechin, amino acide1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- cold stresse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Camellia sinensis cv. Fuding-dabaicha”
e1“BR treatments distinctly increased tea polyphenol, catechin, amino acid, and caffeine levels at cold stress, with the greatest effect at 0.1 mg BR/L”
Claim · model-written summary
Brassinolide increased caffeine level under cold stress.
- Taxon
- Camellia sinensisCamellia sinensise0
- Treatment
- BR treatmentse1
- Outcome
- caffeine levelse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Camellia sinensis cv. Fuding-dabaicha”
e1“BR treatments distinctly increased tea polyphenol, catechin, amino acid, and caffeine levels at cold stress, with the greatest effect at 0.1 mg BR/L”
Claim · model-written summary
BR did not affect CsGOGAT expression under cold stress.
- Taxon
- Camellia sinensisCamellia sinensise0
- Treatment
- Foliar spraying of BRe1
- Gene
- CsGOGATe1
- Outcome
- expression of CsGOGATe1
- Direction
- no effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Camellia sinensis cv. Fuding-dabaicha”
e1“Foliar spraying of BR showed no effect on the expression of CsGOGAT at cold stress”
Claim · model-written summary
At 0.1 mg BR/L, CsHMGR, CsGDH and CsGs expression was up-regulated.
- Taxon
- Camellia sinensisCamellia sinensise0
- Treatment
- 0.1 mg BR/L treatmente1
- Gene
- CsHMGR, CsGDH, and CsGse1
- Outcome
- expression of CsHMGR, CsGDH, and CsGse1
- Direction
- up-regulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Camellia sinensis cv. Fuding-dabaicha”
e1“it differentially regulated the expression of CsHMGR, CsGDH, and CsGs, accompanied by their expression being up-regulated under 0.1 mg BR/L treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
BR-treated tea showed low oxidative damage under cold stress as indicated by malondialdehyde.
- Taxon
- Camellia sinensisCamellia sinensise0
- Treatment
- BR-treatede1
- Outcome
- oxidative damagee1
- Direction
- low levele1
- Qualifier
- cold stresse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Camellia sinensis cv. Fuding-dabaicha”
e1“BR-treated plants exhibited a low level of oxidative damage at cold stress based on malondialdehyde levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Low oxidative damage was associated with higher glutathione levels and CsCAT and CsSOD expression at low BR doses.
- Taxon
- Camellia sinensisCamellia sinensise0
- Treatment
- BR concentrations of 0.05 mg/L and 0.1 mg/Le1
- Outcome
- glutathione levels and CsCAT and CsSOD gene expression levelse1
- Direction
- highere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Camellia sinensis cv. Fuding-dabaicha”
e1“which was associated with higher glutathione levels and CsCAT and CsSOD gene expression levels under BR concentrations of 0.05 mg/L and 0.1 mg/L”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolomics detected 26,175 metabolites, with lipids and organic heterocyclic compounds each at 8.97%.
- Taxon
- Camellia sinensisCamellia sinensise0
- Outcome
- metabolitese1
- Value
- 26,175 metabolitese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Camellia sinensis cv. Fuding-dabaicha”
e1“Non-targeted metabolomics found a total of 26,175 metabolites, the majority of which were lipids and lipid-like molecules (8.97%) and organic heterocyclic compounds (8.97%)”
Claim · model-written summary
BR at 0.05 mg/L triggered 1181 differential metabolites.
- Taxon
- Camellia sinensisCamellia sinensise0
- Treatment
- 0.05e1
- Outcome
- differential metabolitese1
- Value
- 1181e1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Camellia sinensis cv. Fuding-dabaicha”
e1“BR treatments with 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/L triggered 1181, 1997, 2414, and 1455 differential metabolites, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
BR at 0.1 mg/L triggered 1997 differential metabolites.
- Taxon
- Camellia sinensisCamellia sinensise0
- Treatment
- 0.1e1
- Outcome
- differential metabolitese1
- Value
- 1997e1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Camellia sinensis cv. Fuding-dabaicha”
e1“BR treatments with 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/L triggered 1181, 1997, 2414, and 1455 differential metabolites, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
BR at 0.5 mg/L triggered 2414 differential metabolites.
- Taxon
- Camellia sinensisCamellia sinensise0
- Treatment
- 0.5e1
- Outcome
- differential metabolitese1
- Value
- 2414e1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Camellia sinensis cv. Fuding-dabaicha”
e1“BR treatments with 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/L triggered 1181, 1997, 2414, and 1455 differential metabolites, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
BR at 1 mg/L triggered 1455 differential metabolites.
- Taxon
- Camellia sinensisCamellia sinensise0
- Treatment
- 1 mg/Le1
- Outcome
- differential metabolitese1
- Value
- 1455e1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Camellia sinensis cv. Fuding-dabaicha”
e1“BR treatments with 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/L triggered 1181, 1997, 2414, and 1455 differential metabolites, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Eighteen differential metabolites were associated with tea quality.
- Taxon
- Camellia sinensisCamellia sinensise0
- Compound
- differential metabolitese1
- Outcome
- tea qualitye1
- Value
- 18e1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Camellia sinensis cv. Fuding-dabaicha”
e1“Among them, 18 differential metabolites were associated with tea quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Enriched differential-metabolite pathways included caffeine, amino acid, alkaloid and flavonoid metabolism or synthesis.
- Taxon
- Camellia sinensisCamellia sinensise0
- Outcome
- enriched pathways of differential metabolitese1
- Qualifier
- depending on the BR concentrations usede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Camellia sinensis cv. Fuding-dabaicha”
e1“The enriched pathways of differential metabolites were mainly caffeine metabolism, amino acid synthesis and metabolism, alkaloid synthesis and metabolism, and flavonoid synthesis, depending on the BR concentrations used”
Claim · model-written summary
Caffeine metabolism was induced by BR.
- Taxon
- Camellia sinensisCamellia sinensise0
- Treatment
- BRe1
- Outcome
- Caffeine metabolisme1
- Direction
- BR-induciblee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Camellia sinensis cv. Fuding-dabaicha”
e1“Caffeine metabolism was an BR-inducible differential metabolite pathway”
The same questions in other papers
brassinolide · molecular: metabolites · Camellia sinensis (black tea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
brassinolide · molecular: expression · Camellia sinensis (black tea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
brassinolide · physiology: oxidative · Camellia sinensis (black tea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.