Abstract
Rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.) is extremely sensitive to excessive NH 4 + toxicity. There remains incomplete knowledge of the causal factors behind the growth suppression in NH 4 + -nourished plants, with limited studies conducted specifically on field crop plants. In this study, we found that NH 4 + toxicity significantly increased salicylic acid (SA) accumulation by accelerating the conversion of SA precursors. Moreover, exogenous SA application significantly aggravated NH 4 + toxicity symptoms in the rapeseed shoots. Genome-wide differential transcriptomic analysis showed that NH 4 + toxicity increased the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis, transport, signaling transduction, and conversion of SA. SA treatment significantly increased shoot NH 4 + concentrations by reducing the activities of glutamine synthase and glutamate synthase in NH 4 + -treated rapeseed plants. The application of an SA biosynthesis inhibitor, ABT, alleviated NH 4 + toxicity symptoms. Furthermore, SA induced putrescine (Put) accumulation, resulting in an elevated ratio of Put to [spermidine (Spd) + spermine (Spm)] in the NH 4 + -treated plants, while the opposite was true for ABT. The application of exogenous Put and its biosynthesis inhibitor DFMA induced opposite effects on NH 4 + toxicity in rapeseed shoots. These results indicated that the increased endogenous SA contributed noticeably to the toxicity caused by the sole NH 4 + –N supply in rapeseed shoots. This study provided fresh perspectives on the mechanism underlying excessive NH 4 + -induced toxicity and the corresponding alleviating strategies in plants.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium toxicity significantly increased salicylic acid accumulation by accelerating conversion of its precursors.
Verbatim
e7“Rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.)”
e0“NH 4 + toxicity significantly increased salicylic acid (SA) accumulation by accelerating the conversion of SA precursors”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous SA significantly aggravated ammonium toxicity symptoms in rapeseed shoots.
- Taxon
- Rapeseede7
- Organ / stage
- rapeseed shootse0
- Treatment
- exogenous SA applicatione0
- Outcome
- NH 4 + toxicity symptomse0
- Direction
- aggravatede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e7“Rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.)”
e0“exogenous SA application significantly aggravated NH 4 + toxicity symptoms in the rapeseed shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium toxicity increased expression of genes involved in SA biosynthesis, transport, signaling, and conversion.
Verbatim
e7“Rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.)”
e0“NH 4 + toxicity increased the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis, transport, signaling transduction, and conversion of SA”
Claim · model-written summary
SA treatment significantly increased shoot ammonium concentrations in treated rapeseed.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e7“Rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.)”
e0“SA treatment significantly increased shoot NH 4 + concentrations by reducing the activities of glutamine synthase and glutamate synthase in NH 4 + -treated rapeseed plants”
Claim · model-written summary
SA treatment reduced glutamine synthase and glutamate synthase activities in ammonium-treated rapeseed.
Verbatim
e7“Rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.)”
e0“SA treatment significantly increased shoot NH 4 + concentrations by reducing the activities of glutamine synthase and glutamate synthase in NH 4 + -treated rapeseed plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The SA biosynthesis inhibitor ABT alleviated ammonium toxicity symptoms.
- Taxon
- Rapeseede7
- Treatment
- SA biosynthesis inhibitor, ABTe0
- Outcome
- NH 4 + toxicity symptomse0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e7“Rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.)”
e0“The application of an SA biosynthesis inhibitor, ABT, alleviated NH 4 + toxicity symptoms”
Claim · model-written summary
SA induced putrescine accumulation in ammonium-treated plants.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e7“Rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.)”
e0“SA induced putrescine (Put) accumulation, resulting in an elevated ratio of Put to [spermidine (Spd) + spermine (Spm)] in the NH 4 + -treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
SA elevated the putrescine to spermidine plus spermine ratio in ammonium-treated plants.
- Taxon
- Rapeseede7
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Outcome
- ratio of Put to [spermidine (Spd) + spermine (Spm)]e0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e7“Rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.)”
e0“SA induced putrescine (Put) accumulation, resulting in an elevated ratio of Put to [spermidine (Spd) + spermine (Spm)] in the NH 4 + -treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
ABT had the opposite effect on putrescine accumulation and the polyamine ratio in ammonium-treated plants.
- Taxon
- Rapeseede7
- Treatment
- ABTe0
- Outcome
- putrescine (Put) accumulatione1
- Qualifier
- oppositee0
- Comparator
- SAe1
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e7“Rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.)”
e0“while the opposite was true for ABT”
e1“SA induced putrescine (Put) accumulation, resulting in an elevated ratio of Put to [spermidine (Spd) + spermine (Spm)] in the NH 4 + -treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous putrescine and its biosynthesis inhibitor DFMA had opposite effects on ammonium toxicity in shoots.
- Taxon
- Rapeseede7
- Treatment
- exogenous Put and its biosynthesis inhibitor DFMAe0
- Outcome
- NH 4 + toxicity in rapeseed shootse0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e7“Rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.)”
e0“The application of exogenous Put and its biosynthesis inhibitor DFMA induced opposite effects on NH 4 + toxicity in rapeseed shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded that increased endogenous SA contributed to ammonium toxicity in rapeseed shoots.
Verbatim
e7“Rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.)”
e0“the increased endogenous SA contributed noticeably to the toxicity caused by the sole NH 4 + –N supply in rapeseed shoots”
The same questions in other papers
salicylic acid · crop injury · Brassica napus (oilseed rape)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
salicylic acid · molecular: metabolites · Brassica napus (oilseed rape)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 8 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.