Abstract
Abstract Trehalose serves as a crucial osmolyte and plays a significant role in stress tolerance. The influence of exogenously added trehalose (1 and 5 mM) in alleviating the chromium (Cr; 0.5 mM) stress-induced decline in growth, photosynthesis, mineral uptake, antioxidant system and nitrate reductase activity in Vigna radiata was studied. Chromium (Cr) significantly declined shoot height (39.33%), shoot fresh weight (35.54%), shoot dry weight (36.79%), total chlorophylls (50.70%), carotenoids (29.96%), photosynthesis (33.97%), net intercellular CO 2 (26.86%), transpiration rate (36.77%), the content of N (35.04%), P (35.77%), K (31.33%), S (23.91%), Mg (32.74%), and Ca (29.67%). However, the application of trehalose considerably alleviated the decline. Application of trehalose at both concentrations significantly reduced hydrogen peroxide accumulation, lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage, which were increased due to Cr stress. Application of trehalose significantly mitigated the Cr-induced oxidative damage by up-regulating the activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (182.03%), catalase (125.40%), ascorbate peroxidase (72.86%), and glutathione reductase (68.39%). Besides this, applied trehalose proved effective in enhancing ascorbate (24.29%) and reducing glutathione content (34.40%). In addition, also alleviated the decline in ascorbate by Cr stress to significant levels. The activity of nitrate reductase enhanced significantly (28.52%) due to trehalose activity and declined due to Cr stress (34.15%). Exogenous application of trehalose significantly improved the content of osmolytes, including proline, glycine betaine, sugars and total phenols under normal and Cr stress conditions. Furthermore, Trehalose significantly increased the content of key mineral elements and alleviated the decline induced by Cr to considerable levels.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium reduced shoot height by 39.33%.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiata
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiatat0 - Treatment
- Chromium (Cr)e0
- Outcome
- shoot heighte0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 39.33%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Chromium (Cr) significantly declined shoot height (39.33%)”
t0“Vigna radiata”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium reduced shoot fresh weight by 35.54%.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- Chromium (Cr)e0
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weighte0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 35.54%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chromium (Cr) significantly declined shoot height (39.33%), shoot fresh weight (35.54%)”
t0“Vigna radiata”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium reduced shoot dry weight by 36.79%.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- Chromium (Cr)e0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 36.79%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chromium (Cr) significantly declined shoot height (39.33%), shoot fresh weight (35.54%), shoot dry weight (36.79%)”
t0“Vigna radiata”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium reduced total chlorophylls by 50.70%.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- Chromium (Cr)e0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyllse0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 50.70%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chromium (Cr) significantly declined shoot height (39.33%), shoot fresh weight (35.54%), shoot dry weight (36.79%), total chlorophylls (50.70%)”
t0“Vigna radiata”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium reduced carotenoids by 29.96%.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- Chromium (Cr)e0
- Outcome
- carotenoidse0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 29.96%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chromium (Cr) significantly declined shoot height (39.33%), shoot fresh weight (35.54%), shoot dry weight (36.79%), total chlorophylls (50.70%), carotenoids (29.96%)”
t0“Vigna radiata”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium reduced photosynthesis by 33.97%.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- Chromium (Cr)e0
- Outcome
- photosynthesise0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 33.97%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chromium (Cr) significantly declined shoot height (39.33%), shoot fresh weight (35.54%), shoot dry weight (36.79%), total chlorophylls (50.70%), carotenoids (29.96%), photosynthesis (33.97%)”
t0“Vigna radiata”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium reduced net intercellular CO2 by 26.86%.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- Chromium (Cr)e0
- Outcome
- net intercellular CO 2e0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 26.86%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chromium (Cr) significantly declined shoot height (39.33%), shoot fresh weight (35.54%), shoot dry weight (36.79%), total chlorophylls (50.70%), carotenoids (29.96%), photosynthesis (33.97%), net intercellular CO 2 (26.86%)”
t0“Vigna radiata”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium reduced transpiration by 36.77%.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- Chromium (Cr)e0
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 36.77%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chromium (Cr) significantly declined shoot height (39.33%), shoot fresh weight (35.54%), shoot dry weight (36.79%), total chlorophylls (50.70%), carotenoids (29.96%), photosynthesis (33.97%), net intercellular CO 2 (26.86%), transpiration rate (36.77%)”
t0“Vigna radiata”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium reduced nitrogen content by 35.04%.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- Chromium (Cr)e1
- Outcome
- content of Ne0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 35.04%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the content of N (35.04%)”
t0“Vigna radiata”
e1“Chromium (Cr) significantly declined shoot height”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium reduced phosphorus content by 35.77%.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- Chromium (Cr)e1
- Outcome
- Pe0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 35.77%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P (35.77%)”
t0“Vigna radiata”
e1“Chromium (Cr) significantly declined shoot height”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium reduced potassium content by 31.33%.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- Chromium (Cr)e1
- Outcome
- Ke0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 31.33%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“K (31.33%)”
t0“Vigna radiata”
e1“Chromium (Cr) significantly declined shoot height”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium reduced sulfur content by 23.91%.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- Chromium (Cr)e1
- Outcome
- Se0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 23.91%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S (23.91%)”
t0“Vigna radiata”
e1“Chromium (Cr) significantly declined shoot height”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium reduced magnesium content by 32.74%.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- Chromium (Cr)e1
- Outcome
- Mge0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 32.74%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mg (32.74%)”
t0“Vigna radiata”
e1“Chromium (Cr) significantly declined shoot height”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium reduced calcium content by 29.67%.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- Chromium (Cr)e1
- Outcome
- Cae0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 29.67%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ca (29.67%)”
t0“Vigna radiata”
e1“Chromium (Cr) significantly declined shoot height”
Claim · model-written summary
Trehalose reduced chromium-associated hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- trehalose at both concentrationse0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide accumulation, lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of trehalose at both concentrations significantly reduced hydrogen peroxide accumulation, lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage, which were increased due to Cr stress.”
t0“Vigna radiata”
Claim · model-written summary
Trehalose increased superoxide dismutase activity by 182.03%.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- trehalosee0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- up-regulatinge0
- Value
- 182.03%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of trehalose significantly mitigated the Cr-induced oxidative damage by up-regulating the activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (182.03%)”
t0“Vigna radiata”
Claim · model-written summary
Trehalose increased catalase activity by 125.40%.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- trehalosee1
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 125.40%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase (125.40%)”
t0“Vigna radiata”
e1“Application of trehalose significantly mitigated”
Claim · model-written summary
Trehalose increased ascorbate peroxidase activity by 72.86%.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- trehalosee1
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 72.86%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ascorbate peroxidase (72.86%)”
t0“Vigna radiata”
e1“Application of trehalose significantly mitigated”
Claim · model-written summary
Trehalose increased glutathione reductase activity by 68.39%.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- trehalosee1
- Outcome
- glutathione reductasee0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 68.39%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glutathione reductase (68.39%)”
t0“Vigna radiata”
e1“Application of trehalose significantly mitigated”
Claim · model-written summary
Trehalose enhanced ascorbate by 24.29%.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- trehalosee0
- Outcome
- ascorbatee0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Value
- 24.29%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“applied trehalose proved effective in enhancing ascorbate (24.29%)”
t0“Vigna radiata”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.