Abstract
A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of glycinebetaine (GB) in chromium (Cr) tolerance in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) grown in Cr-stressed soil. Three concentrations of Cr (0, 250 and 500 µM) were tested with three (0, 50 and 100 mM) concentrations of foliar-applied GB. Cr alone led to a significant decrease in plant growth, biomass, and concentrations of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids. Cr concentration and electrolyte leakage significantly increased in plants with increasing Cr levels in the soil. Lower Cr stress enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidases (POD) and catalase (CAT), while higher Cr concentrations decreased the activities of these enzymes. Foliar application of GB successfully alleviated toxic effects of Cr on mung bean and increased plant growth, biomass and chlorophyll contents under Cr stress. GB application reduced Cr accumulation and electrolyte leakage in plants and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes in both shoots and roots as compared with Cr treatments alone. These findings suggest that foliar-applied GB alleviated Cr-induced oxidative stress in mung bean by reducing Cr uptake. The protective effect of GB against Cr stress varies with the concentrations of GB and Cr stress applied. Thus, further studies are still needed to specify the concentrations of GB required for detoxification of specific Cr concentrations under various climatic conditions.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium decreased plant growth and biomass significantly.
- Taxon
- mung bean
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiatat0 - Treatment
- Cr alonee0
- Outcome
- plant growth, biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Cr alone led to a significant decrease in plant growth, biomass, and concentrations of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids.”
t0“mung bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium decreased concentrations of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids significantly.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- Cr alonee0
- Outcome
- concentrations of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoidse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cr alone led to a significant decrease in plant growth, biomass, and concentrations of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids.”
t0“mung bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant chromium concentration increased with soil chromium levels.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- increasing Cr levels in the soile0
- Outcome
- Cr concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cr concentration and electrolyte leakage significantly increased in plants with increasing Cr levels in the soil.”
t0“mung bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Electrolyte leakage increased with soil chromium levels.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- increasing Cr levels in the soile0
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cr concentration and electrolyte leakage significantly increased in plants with increasing Cr levels in the soil.”
t0“mung bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower chromium stress enhanced SOD, POD and CAT activities.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- Lower Cr stresse0
- Outcome
- activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidases (POD) and catalase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lower Cr stress enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidases (POD) and catalase (CAT)”
t0“mung bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher chromium concentrations decreased SOD, POD and CAT activities.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- higher Cr concentrationse0
- Outcome
- activities of these enzymese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher Cr concentrations decreased the activities of these enzymes”
t0“mung bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar GB increased growth and biomass under chromium stress.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of GBe0
- Outcome
- plant growth, biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under Cr stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of GB successfully alleviated toxic effects of Cr on mung bean and increased plant growth, biomass and chlorophyll contents under Cr stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar GB increased chlorophyll contents under chromium stress.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of GBe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under Cr stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of GB successfully alleviated toxic effects of Cr on mung bean and increased plant growth, biomass and chlorophyll contents under Cr stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
GB reduced plant chromium accumulation compared with chromium alone.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- GB applicatione0
- Outcome
- Cr accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- Cr treatments alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GB application reduced Cr accumulation and electrolyte leakage in plants and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes in both shoots and roots as compared with Cr treatments alone.”
t0“mung bean”
Claim · model-written summary
GB reduced electrolyte leakage compared with chromium alone.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- GB applicatione0
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- Cr treatments alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GB application reduced Cr accumulation and electrolyte leakage in plants and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes in both shoots and roots as compared with Cr treatments alone.”
t0“mung bean”
Claim · model-written summary
GB enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities in shoots and roots compared with chromium alone.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatat0
- Organ / stage
- shoots and rootse0
- Treatment
- GB applicatione0
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- Cr treatments alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GB application reduced Cr accumulation and electrolyte leakage in plants and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes in both shoots and roots as compared with Cr treatments alone.”
t0“mung bean”
Claim · model-written summary
GB protection varied with GB and chromium stress concentrations.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- concentrations of GB and Cr stress appliede0
- Outcome
- protective effect of GB against Cr stresse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The protective effect of GB against Cr stress varies with the concentrations of GB and Cr stress applied.”
t0“mung bean”
The same questions in other papers
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See all 11 papers →glycine betaine · physiology: pigments · Vigna radiata (mung bean)Results agree
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glycine betaine · physiology: oxidative · Vigna radiata (mung bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
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glycine betaine · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Vigna radiata (mung bean)Results agree
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chromium atom · physiology: oxidative · Vigna radiata (mung bean)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
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chromium atom · nutrient: content · Vigna radiata (mung bean)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
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8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.