Abstract
The growing issue of salinity is a significant threat to global agriculture, affecting diverse regions worldwide. Nitric oxide (NO) serves as an essential signal molecule in regulating photosynthetic performance under physiological and stress conditions. The present study reveals the protective effects of different concentrations (0–300 µM) of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a donor of NO) on the functions of the main complexes within the photosynthetic apparatus of maize (Zea mays L. Kerala) under salt stress (150 mM NaCl). The data showed that SNP alleviates salt-induced oxidative stress and prevents changes in the fluidity of thylakoid membranes (Laurdan GP) and energy redistribution between the two photosystems (77K chlorophyll fluorescence ratio F735/F685). Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements demonstrated that the foliar spray with SNP under salt stress prevents the decline of photosystem II (PSII) open reaction centers (qP) and improves their efficiency (Φexc), thereby influencing QA− reoxidation. The data also revealed that SNP protects the rate constants for two pathways of QA− reoxidation (k1 and k2) from the changes caused by NaCl treatment alone. Additionally, there is a predominance of QA− interaction with plastoquinone in comparison to the recombination of electrons in QA QB− with the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). The analysis of flash oxygen evolution showed that SNP treatment prevents a salt-induced 10% increase in PSII centers in the S0 state, i.e., protects the initial S0–S1 state distribution, and the modification of the Mn cluster in the OEC. Moreover, this study demonstrates that SNP-induced defense occurs on both the donor and acceptor sides of the PSII, leading to the protection of overall photosystems performance (PIABS) and efficient electron transfer from the PSII donor side to the reduction of PSI end electron acceptors (PItotal). This study clearly shows that the optimal protection under salt stress occurs at approximately 50–63 nmoles NO/g FW in leaves, corresponding to foliar spray with 50–150 µM SNP.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
SNP alleviates salt-induced oxidative stress in maize.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic apparatus of maize (Zea mays L. Kerala) under salt stress (150 mM NaCl)”
e1“SNP alleviates salt-induced oxidative stress”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP prevents changes in the fluidity of maize thylakoid membranes under salt stress.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic apparatus of maize (Zea mays L. Kerala) under salt stress (150 mM NaCl)”
e1“SNP alleviates salt-induced oxidative stress”
e2“prevents changes in the fluidity of thylakoid membranes (Laurdan GP) and energy redistribution between the two photosystems”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP prevents changes in energy redistribution between the two photosystems of maize under salt stress.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic apparatus of maize (Zea mays L. Kerala) under salt stress (150 mM NaCl)”
e1“SNP alleviates salt-induced oxidative stress”
e2“prevents changes in the fluidity of thylakoid membranes (Laurdan GP) and energy redistribution between the two photosystems”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar spray with SNP prevents the decline of PSII open reaction centers (qP) of maize under salt stress.
- Treatment
- foliar spray with SNPe3
- Outcome
- decline of photosystem II (PSII) open reaction centers (qP)e3
- Direction
- preventse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic apparatus of maize (Zea mays L. Kerala) under salt stress (150 mM NaCl)”
e3“the foliar spray with SNP under salt stress prevents the decline of photosystem II (PSII) open reaction centers (qP) and improves their efficiency (Φexc)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar spray with SNP improves the efficiency (Φexc) of PSII open reaction centers of maize under salt stress.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic apparatus of maize (Zea mays L. Kerala) under salt stress (150 mM NaCl)”
e3“the foliar spray with SNP under salt stress prevents the decline of photosystem II (PSII) open reaction centers (qP) and improves their efficiency (Φexc)”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP protects the rate constants k1 and k2 of QA− reoxidation from the changes caused by NaCl alone.
- Treatment
- SNPe4
- Outcome
- rate constants for two pathways of QA− reoxidation (k1 and k2)e4
- Direction
- protectse4
- Comparator
- NaCl treatment alonee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic apparatus of maize (Zea mays L. Kerala) under salt stress (150 mM NaCl)”
e4“SNP protects the rate constants for two pathways of QA− reoxidation (k1 and k2) from the changes caused by NaCl treatment alone”
Claim · model-written summary
QA− interaction with plastoquinone predominates over electron recombination in QA QB− with the oxygen-evolving complex in maize.
- Outcome
- QA− interaction with plastoquinonee5
- Qualifier
- in comparison to the recombination of electrons in QA QB− with the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic apparatus of maize (Zea mays L. Kerala) under salt stress (150 mM NaCl)”
e5“there is a predominance of QA− interaction with plastoquinone in comparison to the recombination of electrons in QA QB− with the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC)”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP treatment prevents a salt-induced 10% increase in PSII centers in the S0 state of maize.
- Treatment
- SNP treatmente6
- Outcome
- PSII centers in the S0 statee6
- Direction
- preventse6
- Value
- 10%e6
- Qualifier
- salt-induced 10% increasee6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic apparatus of maize (Zea mays L. Kerala) under salt stress (150 mM NaCl)”
e6“SNP treatment prevents a salt-induced 10% increase in PSII centers in the S0 state, i.e., protects the initial S0–S1 state distribution, and the modification of the Mn cluster in the OEC”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP treatment protects the initial S0–S1 state distribution and the Mn cluster modification in the OEC of maize.
- Treatment
- SNP treatmente6
- Outcome
- initial S0–S1 state distribution, and the modification of the Mn cluster in the OECe6
- Direction
- protectse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic apparatus of maize (Zea mays L. Kerala) under salt stress (150 mM NaCl)”
e6“SNP treatment prevents a salt-induced 10% increase in PSII centers in the S0 state, i.e., protects the initial S0–S1 state distribution, and the modification of the Mn cluster in the OEC”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP-induced defense on both donor and acceptor sides of PSII protects overall photosystem performance (PIABS) of maize.
- Outcome
- protection of overall photosystems performance (PIABS)e7
- Qualifier
- SNP-induced defense occurs on both the donor and acceptor sides of the PSIIe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic apparatus of maize (Zea mays L. Kerala) under salt stress (150 mM NaCl)”
e7“SNP-induced defense occurs on both the donor and acceptor sides of the PSII, leading to the protection of overall photosystems performance (PIABS) and efficient electron transfer from the PSII donor side to the reduction of PSI end electron acceptors (PItotal)”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP gives efficient electron transfer from the PSII donor side to the reduction of PSI end electron acceptors in maize.
- Treatment
- SNPe7
- Outcome
- electron transfer from the PSII donor side to the reduction of PSI end electron acceptors (PItotal)e7
- Direction
- efficiente7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic apparatus of maize (Zea mays L. Kerala) under salt stress (150 mM NaCl)”
e7“SNP-induced defense occurs on both the donor and acceptor sides of the PSII, leading to the protection of overall photosystems performance (PIABS) and efficient electron transfer from the PSII donor side to the reduction of PSI end electron acceptors (PItotal)”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal protection of maize under salt stress occurs at approximately 50–63 nmoles NO/g FW in leaves.
- Outcome
- optimal protection under salt stresse6
- Value
- 50–63 nmoles NO/g FWe6
- Qualifier
- corresponding to foliar spray with 50–150 µM SNPe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic apparatus of maize (Zea mays L. Kerala) under salt stress (150 mM NaCl)”
e6“the optimal protection under salt stress occurs at approximately 50–63 nmoles NO/g FW in leaves, corresponding to foliar spray with 50–150 µM SNP”
The same questions in other papers
sodium nitroprusside · physiology: oxidative · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
13 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
12 papers more in this group
See all 16 papers →sodium nitroprusside · molecular: metabolites · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
11 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
10 papers more in this group
See all 14 papers →sodium nitroprusside · physiology: photosynthesis · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →application · physiology: photosynthesis · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
49 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- negative
53 papers more in this group
See all 57 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.