Abstract
Abstract The use of saline water under drought conditions is critical for sustainable agricultural development in arid regions. Biochar is used as a soil amendment to enhance soil properties such as water-holding capacity and the source of nutrition elements of plants. Thus, the research was carried out to assess the impact of biochar treatment on the morphological and physiological characteristics and production of Solanum lycopersicum in greenhouses exposed to drought and saline stresses. The study was structured as a three-factorial in split-split-plot design. There were 16 treatments across three variables: (i) water quality, with freshwater and saline water, with electrical conductivities of 0.9 and 2.4 dS m − 1 , respectively; (ii) irrigation level, with 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of total evapotranspiration (ETC); (iii) and biochar application, with the addition of biochar at a 3% dosage by (w/w) (BC 3% ), and a control (BC 0% ). The findings demonstrated that salt and water deficiency hurt physiological, morphological, and yield characteristics. Conversely, the biochar addition enhanced all characteristics. Growth-related parameters, such as plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, and dry and wet weight, and leaf gas exchange attributes, such rate of transpiration and photosynthesis, conductivity, as well as leaf relative water content were decreased by drought and salt stresses, especially when the irrigation was 60% ETc or 40% ETc. The biochar addition resulted in a substantial enhancement in vegetative growth-related parameters, physiological characteristics, efficiency of water use, yield, as well as reduced proline levels. Tomato yield enhanced by 4%, 16%, 8%, and 3% when irrigation with freshwater at different levels of water deficit (100% ETc, 80% ETc, 60% ETc, and 40% ETc) than control (BC 0% ). Overall, the use of biochar (3%) combined with freshwater shows the potential to enhance morpho-physiological characteristics, support the development of tomato plants, and improve yield with higher WUE in semi-arid and arid areas.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Drought and salinity reduced tomato growth traits.
- Taxon
- tomato plants
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- drought and salt stressese0
- Outcome
- plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, and dry and wet weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- 60% ETc or 40% ETce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth-related parameters, such as plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, and dry and wet weight, and leaf gas exchange attributes, such rate of transpiration and photosynthesis, conductivity, as well as leaf relative water content were decreased by drought and salt stresses, especially when the irrigation was 60% ETc or 40% ETc.”
t0“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought and salinity reduced leaf gas exchange traits.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- drought and salt stressese0
- Outcome
- rate of transpiration and photosynthesis, conductivitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth-related parameters, such as plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, and dry and wet weight, and leaf gas exchange attributes, such rate of transpiration and photosynthesis, conductivity, as well as leaf relative water content were decreased by drought and salt stresses, especially when the irrigation was 60% ETc or 40% ETc.”
t0“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought and salinity reduced leaf relative water content.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- drought and salt stressese0
- Outcome
- leaf relative water contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf relative water content were decreased by drought and salt stresses, especially when the irrigation was 60% ETc or 40% ETc.”
t0“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar enhanced vegetative growth.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- biochar additione0
- Outcome
- vegetative growth-related parameterse0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The biochar addition resulted in a substantial enhancement in vegetative growth-related parameters, physiological characteristics, efficiency of water use, yield, as well as reduced proline levels.”
t0“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar enhanced physiological characteristics.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- biochar additione0
- Outcome
- physiological characteristicse0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The biochar addition resulted in a substantial enhancement in vegetative growth-related parameters, physiological characteristics, efficiency of water use, yield, as well as reduced proline levels.”
t0“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar enhanced water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- biochar additione0
- Outcome
- efficiency of water usee0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The biochar addition resulted in a substantial enhancement in vegetative growth-related parameters, physiological characteristics, efficiency of water use, yield, as well as reduced proline levels.”
t0“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar enhanced yield.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- biochar additione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The biochar addition resulted in a substantial enhancement in vegetative growth-related parameters, physiological characteristics, efficiency of water use, yield, as well as reduced proline levels.”
t0“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar reduced proline levels.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- biochar additione0
- Outcome
- proline levelse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The biochar addition resulted in a substantial enhancement in vegetative growth-related parameters, physiological characteristics, efficiency of water use, yield, as well as reduced proline levels.”
t0“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar enhanced tomato yield by 4% at 100% ETc with fresh water.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- freshwatere0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 4%e0
- Qualifier
- 100% ETce0
- Comparator
- control (BC 0% )e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tomato yield enhanced by 4%, 16%, 8%, and 3% when irrigation with freshwater at different levels of water deficit (100% ETc, 80% ETc, 60% ETc, and 40% ETc) than control (BC 0% ).”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar enhanced tomato yield by 16% at 80% ETc with fresh water.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- freshwatere0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 16%e0
- Qualifier
- 80% ETce0
- Comparator
- control (BC 0% )e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tomato yield enhanced by 4%, 16%, 8%, and 3% when irrigation with freshwater at different levels of water deficit (100% ETc, 80% ETc, 60% ETc, and 40% ETc) than control (BC 0% ).”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar enhanced tomato yield by 8% at 60% ETc with fresh water.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- freshwatere0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 8%e0
- Qualifier
- 60% ETce0
- Comparator
- control (BC 0% )e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tomato yield enhanced by 4%, 16%, 8%, and 3% when irrigation with freshwater at different levels of water deficit (100% ETc, 80% ETc, 60% ETc, and 40% ETc) than control (BC 0% ).”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar enhanced tomato yield by 3% at 40% ETc with fresh water.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- freshwatere0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 3%e0
- Qualifier
- 40% ETce0
- Comparator
- control (BC 0% )e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tomato yield enhanced by 4%, 16%, 8%, and 3% when irrigation with freshwater at different levels of water deficit (100% ETc, 80% ETc, 60% ETc, and 40% ETc) than control (BC 0% ).”
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