Abstract
We induced immune activation in mass rearing experiments in three insect species, i.e., Gryllus bimaculatus De Geer, 1773 (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), and Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe, 1886) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Lysosomal staining of immune cells was a little over 6% in the control group insects, whereas it ranged from 17-35% in insects immunized with Escherichia coli K12 or Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). The expression of attacin-like protein and defensin-like protein was also found to be upregulated at least 10-fold, and even up to 30-fold, from the third day of rearing in insects immunized with E. coli K12 or Bt. Non-immunized or immunized G. bimaculatus, H. illucens, and P. brevitarsis seulensis were freeze-dried and powdered, and these powders were then tested for protection against Pectobacterium carotovorum infestation. No inhibitory effects on P. carotovorum were observed when using all non-immunized insect powders or PBS. However, in the clear zone test treated with H. illucens powder at 10,000 ppm, an average size of 21.67 mm was observed. In a test using potato slices infected with P. carotovorum, we observed severe disease occurrence and potato weight loss in all non-immunized insect powders or PBS-treated groups. However, the group treated with H. illucens powder had the least potato weight loss. When tested on lettuce, the H. illucens powder-treated group revealed an approximately 10% increase in the fresh weight of lettuce, with both the dry weight and leaf area of lettuce increasing in comparison with those in the control group. Thus, our study proposes a novel method for the use of freeze-dried and powdered forms of insects immunized in mass rearing as effective functional fertilizers on a large scale that can also be effective in inhibiting microbial infections, overcoming the limitation of high production costs of such insect fertilizers using conventional methods.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Lysosomal staining of immune cells was higher in insects immunized with E. coli K12 or Bt than in controls.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativat0 - Treatment
- Escherichia coli K12 or Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)e0
- Outcome
- lysosomal staining of immune cellse0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 17-35%e0
- Comparator
- control group insectse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“promoting growth in lettuce”
e0“Lysosomal staining of immune cells was a little over 6% in the control group insects, whereas it ranged from 17-35% in insects immunized with Escherichia coli K12 or Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)”
Claim · model-written summary
Attacin-like and defensin-like protein expression was upregulated at least 10-fold in immunized insects.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- E. coli K12 or Bte1
- Outcome
- expression of attacin-like protein and defensin-like proteine1
- Direction
- upregulatede1
- Value
- at least 10-folde1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“promoting growth in lettuce”
e1“The expression of attacin-like protein and defensin-like protein was also found to be upregulated at least 10-fold, and even up to 30-fold, from the third day of rearing in insects immunized with E. coli K12 or Bt”
Claim · model-written summary
H. illucens powder at 10,000 ppm produced a clear zone of 21.67 mm against Pectobacterium carotovorum.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- H. illucens powder at 10,000 ppme2
- Interactor
- Pectobacterium carotovorum
Pectobacterium carotovorume3pathogen - Outcome
- clear zonee2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- 21.67 mme2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“promoting growth in lettuce”
e2“in the clear zone test treated with H. illucens powder at 10,000 ppm, an average size of 21.67 mm was observed”
e3“Non-immunized or immunized G. bimaculatus, H. illucens, and P. brevitarsis seulensis were freeze-dried and powdered, and these powders were then tested for protection against Pectobacterium carotovorum infestation”
Claim · model-written summary
H. illucens powder gave the least potato weight loss under Pectobacterium carotovorum infection.
- Taxon
- potato
Solanum tuberosume4 - Treatment
- H. illucens powdere4
- Interactor
- P. carotovorumPectobacterium carotovorume5pathogen
- Outcome
- potato weight losse4
- Direction
- leaste4
- Comparator
- non-immunized insect powders or PBS-treated groupse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“promoting growth in lettuce”
e4“However, the group treated with H. illucens powder had the least potato weight loss”
e5“In a test using potato slices infected with P. carotovorum, we observed severe disease occurrence and potato weight loss in all non-immunized insect powders or PBS-treated groups”
Claim · model-written summary
H. illucens powder increased lettuce fresh weight by about 10%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae6
- Treatment
- H. illucens powder-treated groupe6
- Outcome
- fresh weight of lettucee6
- Direction
- increasee6
- Value
- approximately 10%e6
- Comparator
- control groupe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“promoting growth in lettuce”
e6“When tested on lettuce, the H. illucens powder-treated group revealed an approximately 10% increase in the fresh weight of lettuce, with both the dry weight and leaf area of lettuce increasing in comparison with those in the control group”
Claim · model-written summary
H. illucens powder increased lettuce dry weight and leaf area relative to control.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae6
- Treatment
- H. illucens powder-treated groupe6
- Outcome
- dry weight and leaf area of lettucee6
- Direction
- increasinge6
- Comparator
- control groupe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“promoting growth in lettuce”
e6“When tested on lettuce, the H. illucens powder-treated group revealed an approximately 10% increase in the fresh weight of lettuce, with both the dry weight and leaf area of lettuce increasing in comparison with those in the control group”
The same questions in other papers
botanical · growth · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Positive and negative results
113 papers in the same direction as this paper · 157 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
267 papers more in this group
See all 271 papers →botanical · Pectobacterium carotovorum · Solanum tuberosum (potato)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.