Abstract
In this study, we established a feasible fertilization programming method for wheat production by exploring the effects of the combined application of chemical and organic fertilizers on wheat yield, nutrient uptake, soil nutrient content, and fertilizer utilization. Six treatments, no fertilizer (CK), conventional fertilizer (CF), optimized fertilizer (with reduced fertilizer amount) (RF), chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer extract (RPAE), partial replacement of chemical fertilizer with raw amino acid powder (RAF), and partial replacement of chemical fertilizer with raw humic acid powder (RHF), were set up for a field experiment. The fertilizer application rates for the RF treatment were calculated based on fertilization-monitoring techniques (30.3% nitrogen and 24.8% phosphorus reductions in 2022 and 23.0% nitrogen and 1.5% phosphorus reductions in 2023). The effects of different fertilizer treatments on yield, dry matter accumulation, plant nutrient accumulation, soil nutrients, and nutrient utilization in wheat were investigated. The results showed that, on the basis of 23% nitrogen and 1.5% phosphorus reductions, there was no significant difference in wheat yield between the RF and CF treatments and that the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer was improved. The application of organic fertilizer promoted dry matter accumulation in different organs of wheat; increased plant nutrient accumulation; improved soil nutrient content, nutrient utilization rate, nutrient partial productivity, and nutrient agronomic use efficiency; and ensured stable and increased crop yield. Specifically, compared with CF, the RPAE, RAF, and RHF organic fertilizer treatments increased wheat yield by 3.85%, 1.97%, and 0.67%, respectively, and the utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers induced by these treatments significantly increased by 40.46%, 39.28%, and 37.46% (nitrogen) and by 9.83%, 8.91%, and 7.46% (phosphorus), respectively. As a result of our experiment, we concluded that RPAE exerted the best effects among the three organic fertilizer treatments (RPAE, RAF, and RHF) and that its use can result in a higher wheat yield and fertilizer utilization rate in drip-irrigated wheat fields. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the combined application of chemical and organic fertilizers, which is conducive to sustainable agriculture development.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced chemical fertilizer rates (23% nitrogen and 1.5% phosphorus reductions) gave no significant yield difference from conventional fertilizer.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- 23% nitrogen and 1.5% phosphorus reductionse0
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Wheat under Drip Irrigation”
e0“on the basis of 23% nitrogen and 1.5% phosphorus reductions, there was no significant difference in wheat yield between the RF and CF treatments and that the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer was improved”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer rates improved the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer compared with conventional fertilizer.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 23% nitrogen and 1.5% phosphorus reductionse0
- Outcome
- utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizere0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Wheat under Drip Irrigation”
e0“on the basis of 23% nitrogen and 1.5% phosphorus reductions, there was no significant difference in wheat yield between the RF and CF treatments and that the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer was improved”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizer application promoted dry matter accumulation in different organs of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- different organse1
- Treatment
- application of organic fertilizere1
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulatione1
- Direction
- promotede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The application of organic fertilizer promoted dry matter accumulation in different organs of wheat; increased plant nutrient accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizer application increased plant nutrient accumulation in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- application of organic fertilizere1
- Outcome
- plant nutrient accumulatione1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The application of organic fertilizer promoted dry matter accumulation in different organs of wheat; increased plant nutrient accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizer application improved soil nutrient content, nutrient utilization rate and nutrient partial productivity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- application of organic fertilizere1
- Outcome
- soil nutrient content, nutrient utilization rate, nutrient partial productivitye2
- Direction
- improvede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The application of organic fertilizer promoted dry matter accumulation in different organs of wheat; increased plant nutrient accumulation”
e2“improved soil nutrient content, nutrient utilization rate, nutrient partial productivity, and nutrient agronomic use efficiency; and ensured stable and increased crop yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizer application improved nutrient agronomic use efficiency.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- application of organic fertilizere1
- Outcome
- nutrient agronomic use efficiencye2
- Direction
- improvede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The application of organic fertilizer promoted dry matter accumulation in different organs of wheat; increased plant nutrient accumulation”
e2“improved soil nutrient content, nutrient utilization rate, nutrient partial productivity, and nutrient agronomic use efficiency; and ensured stable and increased crop yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizer application ensured stable and increased wheat crop yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- application of organic fertilizere1
- Outcome
- crop yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Qualifier
- stablee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The application of organic fertilizer promoted dry matter accumulation in different organs of wheat; increased plant nutrient accumulation”
e2“improved soil nutrient content, nutrient utilization rate, nutrient partial productivity, and nutrient agronomic use efficiency; and ensured stable and increased crop yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The RPAE organic fertilizer treatment increased wheat yield by 3.85% compared with CF.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- RPAEe3
- Outcome
- wheat yielde3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 3.85%e3
- Comparator
- CFe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Wheat under Drip Irrigation”
e3“compared with CF, the RPAE, RAF, and RHF organic fertilizer treatments increased wheat yield by 3.85%, 1.97%, and 0.67%, respectively, and the utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers induced by these treatments significantly increased by 40.46%, 39.28%, and 37.46% (nitrogen) and by 9.83%, 8.91%, and 7.46% (phosphorus), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The RAF organic fertilizer treatment increased wheat yield by 1.97% compared with CF.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- RAFe3
- Outcome
- wheat yielde3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 1.97%e3
- Comparator
- CFe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Wheat under Drip Irrigation”
e3“compared with CF, the RPAE, RAF, and RHF organic fertilizer treatments increased wheat yield by 3.85%, 1.97%, and 0.67%, respectively, and the utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers induced by these treatments significantly increased by 40.46%, 39.28%, and 37.46% (nitrogen) and by 9.83%, 8.91%, and 7.46% (phosphorus), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The RHF organic fertilizer treatment increased wheat yield by 0.67% compared with CF.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- RHFe3
- Outcome
- wheat yielde3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 0.67%e3
- Comparator
- CFe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Wheat under Drip Irrigation”
e3“compared with CF, the RPAE, RAF, and RHF organic fertilizer treatments increased wheat yield by 3.85%, 1.97%, and 0.67%, respectively, and the utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers induced by these treatments significantly increased by 40.46%, 39.28%, and 37.46% (nitrogen) and by 9.83%, 8.91%, and 7.46% (phosphorus), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The RPAE treatment significantly increased nitrogen utilization by 40.46% compared with CF.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- RPAEe3
- Outcome
- utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizerse3
- Direction
- significantly increasede3
- Value
- 40.46%e3
- Qualifier
- (nitrogen)e3
- Comparator
- CFe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Wheat under Drip Irrigation”
e3“compared with CF, the RPAE, RAF, and RHF organic fertilizer treatments increased wheat yield by 3.85%, 1.97%, and 0.67%, respectively, and the utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers induced by these treatments significantly increased by 40.46%, 39.28%, and 37.46% (nitrogen) and by 9.83%, 8.91%, and 7.46% (phosphorus), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The RAF treatment significantly increased nitrogen utilization by 39.28% compared with CF.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- RAFe3
- Outcome
- utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizerse3
- Direction
- significantly increasede3
- Value
- 39.28%e3
- Qualifier
- (nitrogen)e3
- Comparator
- CFe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Wheat under Drip Irrigation”
e3“compared with CF, the RPAE, RAF, and RHF organic fertilizer treatments increased wheat yield by 3.85%, 1.97%, and 0.67%, respectively, and the utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers induced by these treatments significantly increased by 40.46%, 39.28%, and 37.46% (nitrogen) and by 9.83%, 8.91%, and 7.46% (phosphorus), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The RHF treatment significantly increased nitrogen utilization by 37.46% compared with CF.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- RHFe3
- Outcome
- utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizerse3
- Direction
- significantly increasede3
- Value
- 37.46%e3
- Qualifier
- (nitrogen)e3
- Comparator
- CFe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Wheat under Drip Irrigation”
e3“compared with CF, the RPAE, RAF, and RHF organic fertilizer treatments increased wheat yield by 3.85%, 1.97%, and 0.67%, respectively, and the utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers induced by these treatments significantly increased by 40.46%, 39.28%, and 37.46% (nitrogen) and by 9.83%, 8.91%, and 7.46% (phosphorus), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The RPAE treatment significantly increased phosphorus utilization by 9.83% compared with CF.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- RPAEe3
- Outcome
- utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizerse3
- Direction
- significantly increasede3
- Value
- 9.83%e3
- Qualifier
- (phosphorus)e3
- Comparator
- CFe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Wheat under Drip Irrigation”
e3“compared with CF, the RPAE, RAF, and RHF organic fertilizer treatments increased wheat yield by 3.85%, 1.97%, and 0.67%, respectively, and the utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers induced by these treatments significantly increased by 40.46%, 39.28%, and 37.46% (nitrogen) and by 9.83%, 8.91%, and 7.46% (phosphorus), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The RAF treatment significantly increased phosphorus utilization by 8.91% compared with CF.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- RAFe3
- Outcome
- utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizerse3
- Direction
- significantly increasede3
- Value
- 8.91%e3
- Qualifier
- (phosphorus)e3
- Comparator
- CFe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Wheat under Drip Irrigation”
e3“compared with CF, the RPAE, RAF, and RHF organic fertilizer treatments increased wheat yield by 3.85%, 1.97%, and 0.67%, respectively, and the utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers induced by these treatments significantly increased by 40.46%, 39.28%, and 37.46% (nitrogen) and by 9.83%, 8.91%, and 7.46% (phosphorus), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The RHF treatment significantly increased phosphorus utilization by 7.46% compared with CF.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- RHFe3
- Outcome
- utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizerse3
- Direction
- significantly increasede3
- Value
- 7.46%e3
- Qualifier
- (phosphorus)e3
- Comparator
- CFe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Wheat under Drip Irrigation”
e3“compared with CF, the RPAE, RAF, and RHF organic fertilizer treatments increased wheat yield by 3.85%, 1.97%, and 0.67%, respectively, and the utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers induced by these treatments significantly increased by 40.46%, 39.28%, and 37.46% (nitrogen) and by 9.83%, 8.91%, and 7.46% (phosphorus), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
RPAE had the best effects among the three organic fertilizer treatments (RPAE, RAF and RHF).
- Taxon
- Spring WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RPAEe5
- Outcome
- effectse5
- Direction
- beste5
- Comparator
- RAF, and RHFe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Wheat under Drip Irrigation”
e5“RPAE exerted the best effects among the three organic fertilizer treatments (RPAE, RAF, and RHF)”
Claim · model-written summary
Use of RPAE can result in higher wheat yield and fertilizer utilization rate in drip-irrigated wheat fields.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume4
- Outcome
- higher wheat yield and fertilizer utilization ratee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Wheat under Drip Irrigation”
e4“its use can result in a higher wheat yield and fertilizer utilization rate in drip-irrigated wheat fields”
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