Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of exogenous sprays of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and 2-Diethylaminoethyl hexanoate (DTA-6) on the growth and salt tolerance of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. This study was conducted in a solar greenhouse at Guangdong Ocean University, where ‘Huanghuazhan’ was selected as the test material, and 40 mg/L 5-ALA and 30 mg/L DTA-6 were applied as foliar sprays at the three-leaf-one-heart stage of rice, followed by treatment with 0.3% NaCl (W/W) 24 h later. A total of six treatments were set up as follows: (1) CK: control, (2) A: 40 mg⋅ L −1 5-ALA, (3) D: 30 mg⋅ L −1 DTA-6, (4) S: 0.3% NaCl, (5) AS: 40 mg⋅ L −1 5-ALA + 0.3% NaCl, and (6) DS: 30 mg⋅ L −1 DTA-6+0.3% NaCl. Samples were taken at 1, 4, 7, 10, and 13 d after NaCl treatment to determine the morphology and physiological and biochemical indices of rice roots. The results showed that NaCl stress significantly inhibited rice growth; disrupted the antioxidant system; increased the rates of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide anion production; and affected the content of related hormones. Malondialdehyde content, hydrogen peroxide content, and superoxide anion production rate significantly increased from 12.57% to 21.82%, 18.12% to 63.10%, and 7.17% to 56.20%, respectively, in the S treatment group compared to the CK group. Under salt stress, foliar sprays of both 5-ALA and DTA-6 increased antioxidant enzyme activities and osmoregulatory substance content; expanded non-enzymatic antioxidant AsA and GSH content; reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation; lowered malondialdehyde content; increased endogenous hormones GA3, JA, IAA, SA, and ZR content; and lowered ABA content in the rice root system. The MDA, H 2 O 2 , and O 2− contents were reduced from 35.64% to 56.92%, 22.30% to 53.47%, and 7.06% to 20.01%, respectively, in the AS treatment group compared with the S treatment group. In the DS treatment group, the MDA, H 2 O 2 , and O 2− contents were reduced from 24.60% to 51.09%, 12.14% to 59.05%, and 12.70% to 45.20%. In summary, NaCl stress exerted an inhibitory effect on the rice root system, both foliar sprays of 5-ALA and DTA-6 alleviated damage from NaCl stress on the rice root system, and the effect of 5-ALA was better than that of DTA-6.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl stress significantly inhibited rice growth.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Material
- Huanghuazhane3
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse0
- Treatment
- 0.3% NaCle1
- Outcome
- rice growthe5
- Direction
- inhibitede5
- Setting
- solar greenhousee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice ( Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e2“This study was conducted in a solar greenhouse at Guangdong Ocean University”
e3“‘Huanghuazhan’ was selected as the test material”
e4“physiological and biochemical indices of rice roots”
e1“treatment with 0.3% NaCl (W/W) 24 h later”
e5“NaCl stress significantly inhibited rice growth”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl stress disrupted the antioxidant system and affected the content of related hormones in rice roots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Huanghuazhane3
- Organ / stage
- rice rootse4
- Treatment
- 0.3% NaCle1
- Outcome
- antioxidant systeme5
- Direction
- disruptede5
- Qualifier
- affected the content of related hormonese5
- Setting
- solar greenhousee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice ( Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e2“This study was conducted in a solar greenhouse at Guangdong Ocean University”
e3“‘Huanghuazhan’ was selected as the test material”
e4“physiological and biochemical indices of rice roots”
e1“treatment with 0.3% NaCl (W/W) 24 h later”
e5“disrupted the antioxidant system; increased the rates of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide anion production; and affected the content of related hormones”
Claim · model-written summary
Under NaCl, malondialdehyde content increased significantly from 12.57% to 21.82% relative to the CK group.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Huanghuazhane3
- Organ / stage
- rice rootse4
- Treatment
- 0.3% NaCle1
- Outcome
- Malondialdehyde contente5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 12.57% to 21.82%e5
- Comparator
- CK groupe5
- Setting
- solar greenhousee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice ( Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e2“This study was conducted in a solar greenhouse at Guangdong Ocean University”
e3“‘Huanghuazhan’ was selected as the test material”
e4“physiological and biochemical indices of rice roots”
e1“treatment with 0.3% NaCl (W/W) 24 h later”
e5“Malondialdehyde content, hydrogen peroxide content, and superoxide anion production rate significantly increased from 12.57% to 21.82%, 18.12% to 63.10%, and 7.17% to 56.20%, respectively, in the S treatment group compared to the CK group”
Claim · model-written summary
Under NaCl, hydrogen peroxide content increased significantly from 18.12% to 63.10% relative to the CK group.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Huanghuazhane3
- Organ / stage
- rice rootse4
- Treatment
- 0.3% NaCle1
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide contente5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 18.12% to 63.10%e5
- Comparator
- CK groupe5
- Setting
- solar greenhousee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice ( Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e2“This study was conducted in a solar greenhouse at Guangdong Ocean University”
e3“‘Huanghuazhan’ was selected as the test material”
e4“physiological and biochemical indices of rice roots”
e1“treatment with 0.3% NaCl (W/W) 24 h later”
e5“Malondialdehyde content, hydrogen peroxide content, and superoxide anion production rate significantly increased from 12.57% to 21.82%, 18.12% to 63.10%, and 7.17% to 56.20%, respectively, in the S treatment group compared to the CK group”
Claim · model-written summary
Under NaCl, superoxide anion production rate increased significantly from 7.17% to 56.20% relative to the CK group.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Huanghuazhane3
- Organ / stage
- rice rootse4
- Treatment
- 0.3% NaCle1
- Outcome
- superoxide anion production ratee5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 7.17% to 56.20%e5
- Comparator
- CK groupe5
- Setting
- solar greenhousee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice ( Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e2“This study was conducted in a solar greenhouse at Guangdong Ocean University”
e3“‘Huanghuazhan’ was selected as the test material”
e4“physiological and biochemical indices of rice roots”
e1“treatment with 0.3% NaCl (W/W) 24 h later”
e5“Malondialdehyde content, hydrogen peroxide content, and superoxide anion production rate significantly increased from 12.57% to 21.82%, 18.12% to 63.10%, and 7.17% to 56.20%, respectively, in the S treatment group compared to the CK group”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar 5-ALA under NaCl reduced MDA content from 35.64% to 56.92% relative to the salt-only S group.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Huanghuazhane3
- Organ / stage
- rice rootse4
- Treatment
- 5-ALA + 0.3% NaCle1
- Outcome
- MDAe5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 35.64% to 56.92%e5
- Comparator
- S treatment groupe5
- Setting
- solar greenhousee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice ( Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e2“This study was conducted in a solar greenhouse at Guangdong Ocean University”
e3“‘Huanghuazhan’ was selected as the test material”
e4“physiological and biochemical indices of rice roots”
e1“40 mg⋅ L −1 5-ALA + 0.3% NaCl”
e5“The MDA, H 2 O 2 , and O 2− contents were reduced from 35.64% to 56.92%, 22.30% to 53.47%, and 7.06% to 20.01%, respectively, in the AS treatment group compared with the S treatment group”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar 5-ALA under NaCl reduced H 2 O 2 from 22.30% to 53.47% relative to the salt-only S group.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Huanghuazhane3
- Organ / stage
- rice rootse4
- Treatment
- 5-ALA + 0.3% NaCle1
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2e5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 22.30% to 53.47%e5
- Comparator
- S treatment groupe5
- Setting
- solar greenhousee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice ( Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e2“This study was conducted in a solar greenhouse at Guangdong Ocean University”
e3“‘Huanghuazhan’ was selected as the test material”
e4“physiological and biochemical indices of rice roots”
e1“40 mg⋅ L −1 5-ALA + 0.3% NaCl”
e5“The MDA, H 2 O 2 , and O 2− contents were reduced from 35.64% to 56.92%, 22.30% to 53.47%, and 7.06% to 20.01%, respectively, in the AS treatment group compared with the S treatment group”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar 5-ALA under NaCl reduced O 2− from 7.06% to 20.01% relative to the salt-only S group.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Huanghuazhane3
- Organ / stage
- rice rootse4
- Treatment
- 5-ALA + 0.3% NaCle1
- Outcome
- O 2−e5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 7.06% to 20.01%e5
- Comparator
- S treatment groupe5
- Setting
- solar greenhousee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice ( Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e2“This study was conducted in a solar greenhouse at Guangdong Ocean University”
e3“‘Huanghuazhan’ was selected as the test material”
e4“physiological and biochemical indices of rice roots”
e1“40 mg⋅ L −1 5-ALA + 0.3% NaCl”
e5“The MDA, H 2 O 2 , and O 2− contents were reduced from 35.64% to 56.92%, 22.30% to 53.47%, and 7.06% to 20.01%, respectively, in the AS treatment group compared with the S treatment group”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar DTA-6 under NaCl reduced MDA content from 24.60% to 51.09%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Huanghuazhane3
- Organ / stage
- rice rootse4
- Treatment
- DTA-6+0.3% NaCle1
- Outcome
- MDAe5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 24.60% to 51.09%e5
- Setting
- solar greenhousee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice ( Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e2“This study was conducted in a solar greenhouse at Guangdong Ocean University”
e3“‘Huanghuazhan’ was selected as the test material”
e4“physiological and biochemical indices of rice roots”
e1“30 mg⋅ L −1 DTA-6+0.3% NaCl”
e5“In the DS treatment group, the MDA, H 2 O 2 , and O 2− contents were reduced from 24.60% to 51.09%, 12.14% to 59.05%, and 12.70% to 45.20%”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar DTA-6 under NaCl reduced H 2 O 2 from 12.14% to 59.05%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Huanghuazhane3
- Organ / stage
- rice rootse4
- Treatment
- DTA-6+0.3% NaCle1
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2e5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 12.14% to 59.05%e5
- Setting
- solar greenhousee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice ( Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e2“This study was conducted in a solar greenhouse at Guangdong Ocean University”
e3“‘Huanghuazhan’ was selected as the test material”
e4“physiological and biochemical indices of rice roots”
e1“30 mg⋅ L −1 DTA-6+0.3% NaCl”
e5“In the DS treatment group, the MDA, H 2 O 2 , and O 2− contents were reduced from 24.60% to 51.09%, 12.14% to 59.05%, and 12.70% to 45.20%”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar DTA-6 under NaCl reduced O 2− from 12.70% to 45.20%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Huanghuazhane3
- Organ / stage
- rice rootse4
- Treatment
- DTA-6+0.3% NaCle1
- Outcome
- O 2−e5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 12.70% to 45.20%e5
- Setting
- solar greenhousee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice ( Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e2“This study was conducted in a solar greenhouse at Guangdong Ocean University”
e3“‘Huanghuazhan’ was selected as the test material”
e4“physiological and biochemical indices of rice roots”
e1“30 mg⋅ L −1 DTA-6+0.3% NaCl”
e5“In the DS treatment group, the MDA, H 2 O 2 , and O 2− contents were reduced from 24.60% to 51.09%, 12.14% to 59.05%, and 12.70% to 45.20%”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, 5-ALA increased antioxidant enzyme activities and osmoregulatory substance content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Huanghuazhane3
- Organ / stage
- rice rootse4
- Treatment
- 5-ALAe1
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activities and osmoregulatory substance contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- expanded non-enzymatic antioxidant AsA and GSH contente5
- Setting
- solar greenhousee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice ( Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e2“This study was conducted in a solar greenhouse at Guangdong Ocean University”
e3“‘Huanghuazhan’ was selected as the test material”
e4“physiological and biochemical indices of rice roots”
e1“Under salt stress, foliar sprays of both 5-ALA and DTA-6 increased antioxidant enzyme activities and osmoregulatory substance content”
e5“expanded non-enzymatic antioxidant AsA and GSH content”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, 5-ALA increased endogenous hormones GA3, JA and IAA.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Huanghuazhane3
- Organ / stage
- rice rootse4
- Treatment
- 5-ALAe1
- Outcome
- endogenous hormones GA3, JA, IAAe5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Setting
- solar greenhousee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice ( Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e2“This study was conducted in a solar greenhouse at Guangdong Ocean University”
e3“‘Huanghuazhan’ was selected as the test material”
e4“physiological and biochemical indices of rice roots”
e1“Under salt stress, foliar sprays of both 5-ALA and DTA-6 increased antioxidant enzyme activities and osmoregulatory substance content”
e5“increased endogenous hormones GA3, JA, IAA, SA, and ZR content”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, 5-ALA increased endogenous hormones SA and ZR.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Huanghuazhane3
- Organ / stage
- rice rootse4
- Treatment
- 5-ALAe1
- Outcome
- SA, and ZRe5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Setting
- solar greenhousee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice ( Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e2“This study was conducted in a solar greenhouse at Guangdong Ocean University”
e3“‘Huanghuazhan’ was selected as the test material”
e4“physiological and biochemical indices of rice roots”
e1“Under salt stress, foliar sprays of both 5-ALA and DTA-6 increased antioxidant enzyme activities and osmoregulatory substance content”
e5“increased endogenous hormones GA3, JA, IAA, SA, and ZR content”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, 5-ALA reduced reactive oxygen species accumulation and lowered ABA content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Huanghuazhane3
- Organ / stage
- rice rootse4
- Treatment
- 5-ALAe1
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulatione5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Qualifier
- lowered ABA content in the rice root systeme6
- Setting
- solar greenhousee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice ( Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e2“This study was conducted in a solar greenhouse at Guangdong Ocean University”
e3“‘Huanghuazhan’ was selected as the test material”
e4“physiological and biochemical indices of rice roots”
e1“Under salt stress, foliar sprays of both 5-ALA and DTA-6 increased antioxidant enzyme activities and osmoregulatory substance content”
e5“reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation”
e6“lowered ABA content in the rice root system”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, DTA-6 increased antioxidant enzyme activities and osmoregulatory substance content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Huanghuazhane3
- Organ / stage
- rice rootse4
- Treatment
- DTA-6e1
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activities and osmoregulatory substance contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- expanded non-enzymatic antioxidant AsA and GSH contente5
- Setting
- solar greenhousee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice ( Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e2“This study was conducted in a solar greenhouse at Guangdong Ocean University”
e3“‘Huanghuazhan’ was selected as the test material”
e4“physiological and biochemical indices of rice roots”
e1“Under salt stress, foliar sprays of both 5-ALA and DTA-6 increased antioxidant enzyme activities and osmoregulatory substance content”
e5“expanded non-enzymatic antioxidant AsA and GSH content”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, DTA-6 increased endogenous hormones GA3, JA and IAA.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Huanghuazhane3
- Organ / stage
- rice rootse4
- Treatment
- DTA-6e1
- Outcome
- endogenous hormones GA3, JA, IAAe5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Setting
- solar greenhousee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice ( Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e2“This study was conducted in a solar greenhouse at Guangdong Ocean University”
e3“‘Huanghuazhan’ was selected as the test material”
e4“physiological and biochemical indices of rice roots”
e1“Under salt stress, foliar sprays of both 5-ALA and DTA-6 increased antioxidant enzyme activities and osmoregulatory substance content”
e5“increased endogenous hormones GA3, JA, IAA, SA, and ZR content”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, DTA-6 increased endogenous hormones SA and ZR.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Huanghuazhane3
- Organ / stage
- rice rootse4
- Treatment
- DTA-6e1
- Outcome
- SA, and ZRe5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Setting
- solar greenhousee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice ( Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e2“This study was conducted in a solar greenhouse at Guangdong Ocean University”
e3“‘Huanghuazhan’ was selected as the test material”
e4“physiological and biochemical indices of rice roots”
e1“Under salt stress, foliar sprays of both 5-ALA and DTA-6 increased antioxidant enzyme activities and osmoregulatory substance content”
e5“increased endogenous hormones GA3, JA, IAA, SA, and ZR content”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, DTA-6 reduced reactive oxygen species accumulation and lowered ABA content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Huanghuazhane3
- Organ / stage
- rice rootse4
- Treatment
- DTA-6e1
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulatione5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Qualifier
- lowered ABA content in the rice root systeme6
- Setting
- solar greenhousee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice ( Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e2“This study was conducted in a solar greenhouse at Guangdong Ocean University”
e3“‘Huanghuazhan’ was selected as the test material”
e4“physiological and biochemical indices of rice roots”
e1“Under salt stress, foliar sprays of both 5-ALA and DTA-6 increased antioxidant enzyme activities and osmoregulatory substance content”
e5“reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation”
e6“lowered ABA content in the rice root system”
Claim · model-written summary
5-ALA alleviated NaCl damage to the rice root system better than DTA-6.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Huanghuazhane3
- Treatment
- 5-ALAe1
- Outcome
- alleviated damage from NaCl stress on the rice root systeme5
- Direction
- bettere1
- Comparator
- DTA-6e1
- Setting
- solar greenhousee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice ( Oryza sativa L.) seedlings”
e2“This study was conducted in a solar greenhouse at Guangdong Ocean University”
e3“‘Huanghuazhan’ was selected as the test material”
e4“physiological and biochemical indices of rice roots”
e1“the effect of 5-ALA was better than that of DTA-6”
e5“alleviated damage from NaCl stress on the rice root system”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.