Abstract
Biochar application is considered a potential approach to mitigating greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) from the agricultural sector and improving soil physicochemical properties. Thus, we conducted a field experiment to examine the efficacy of biochar application rates in combination with water management practices on soil methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and carbon increment in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD). Rice husk biochar (RB) and Melaleuca biochar (MB) were incorporated in the topsoil (0–20 cm) at 5 and 10 Mg ha−1, followed by the water management regimes of continuous flooding (CF) and an alternative wetting and drying (AWD). The results identified that biochar application rates and water management measures were major factors in decreasing CH4 and N2O emissions. Compared with the conventional practice, the RB and MB amendment in the rice fields under CF practices reduced 12.9–21.3% of total GHGs (tGHGs), while biochar incorporation under the AWD management practice reduced from 22.3% to 30.5% tGHGs. Compared to CF treatments, biochar amendment concerning the AWD regime lowered from 25.4% to 31.6% tGHGs. Increasing biochar from 5 to 10 Mg ha−1 did not reduce tGHGs considerably. We identified that biochar application significantly increased grain yields from 12.8% to 20.6% under the CF management practice, while the percentage varied from 2.5% to 3.8% for the AWD practice. Similarly, higher grain yields were achieved from 4.9% to 13.7% by applying AWD compared to the CF treatments. Our findings showed that although higher biochar application rates could reduce the tGHGs, the difference in biochar types and water management applications in connection with the tGHGs was neglectable. Incorporating biochar enhanced soil bulk density and porosity under AWD and CF practices. Going forward in further studies, we recommend a long-term biochar application in the VMD’s low-lying paddy fields with a broader range of biochar rates under different soil types.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Rice husk and Melaleuca biochar under flooding reduced total greenhouse gases by 12.9–21.3%.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- RB and MB amendmente0
- Outcome
- total GHGs (tGHGs)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 12.9–21.3%e0
- Comparator
- conventional practicee0
- Setting
- rice fieldse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the conventional practice, the RB and MB amendment in the rice fields under CF practices reduced 12.9–21.3% of total GHGs (tGHGs)”
t0“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar with alternate wetting and drying reduced total greenhouse gases by 22.3% to 30.5%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- biochar incorporation under the AWD management practicee0
- Outcome
- tGHGse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 22.3% to 30.5%e0
- Comparator
- conventional practicee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar incorporation under the AWD management practice reduced from 22.3% to 30.5% tGHGs”
e1“Compared with the conventional practice, the RB and MB amendment in the rice fields under CF practices reduced 12.9–21.3% of total GHGs (tGHGs)”
t0“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and alternate wetting and drying lowered total greenhouse gases by 25.4% to 31.6% versus flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- biochar amendment concerning the AWD regimee0
- Outcome
- tGHGse0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Value
- 25.4% to 31.6%e0
- Comparator
- CF treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to CF treatments, biochar amendment concerning the AWD regime lowered from 25.4% to 31.6% tGHGs.”
t0“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Raising biochar rate from 5 to 10 Mg ha−1 did not considerably reduce total greenhouse gases.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 10 Mg ha−1e0
- Outcome
- tGHGse0
- Direction
- did not reducee0
- Qualifier
- considerablye0
- Comparator
- 5e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing biochar from 5 to 10 Mg ha−1 did not reduce tGHGs considerably.”
t0“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased grain yield 12.8% to 20.6% under continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- biochar applicatione0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12.8% to 20.6%e0
- Qualifier
- CF management practicee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar application significantly increased grain yields from 12.8% to 20.6% under the CF management practice”
t0“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased grain yield 2.5% to 3.8% under alternate wetting and drying.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- biochar applicatione1
- Outcome
- grain yieldse1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 2.5% to 3.8%e0
- Qualifier
- AWD practicee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the percentage varied from 2.5% to 3.8% for the AWD practice”
e1“biochar application significantly increased grain yields from 12.8% to 20.6% under the CF management practice”
t0“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternate wetting and drying raised grain yield 4.9% to 13.7% over flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 4.9% to 13.7%e0
- Comparator
- CF treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher grain yields were achieved from 4.9% to 13.7% by applying AWD compared to the CF treatments”
t0“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar type differences in total greenhouse gases were negligible.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- biochar typese0
- Outcome
- tGHGse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the difference in biochar types and water management applications in connection with the tGHGs was neglectable”
t0“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Water management differences in total greenhouse gases were negligible.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- water management applicationse0
- Outcome
- tGHGse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the difference in biochar types and water management applications in connection with the tGHGs was neglectable”
t0“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar enhanced soil bulk density and porosity under both water regimes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- biochare0
- Outcome
- soil bulk density and porositye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- AWD and CF practicese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Incorporating biochar enhanced soil bulk density and porosity under AWD and CF practices.”
t0“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend long-term biochar trials across soil types and rates.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- long-term biochar applicatione0
- Setting
- VMD’s low-lying paddy fieldse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we recommend a long-term biochar application in the VMD’s low-lying paddy fields with a broader range of biochar rates under different soil types”
t0“rice cultivation”
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