Abstract
Abstract Biochar is beneficial for improving soil quality and crop productivity. However, the long‐term effects of biochar addition on temporal dynamics of plant shoot and root growth, and the changes in soil properties and nitrogen (N) leaching are still obscure. Here, based on a long‐term (7 years) biochar field experiment with rice in northwest China, we investigated the effects of two biochar rates (0 and 9 t ha −1 year −1 ) and two N fertilizer rates (0 and 300 kg N ha −1 year −1 ) on shoot and root growth, root morphology, N leaching, and soil physicochemical properties. The results showed that both biochar and N fertilizer significantly promoted rice growth, with their interaction significant only in some cases. Both fertilizers enhanced rice shoot biomass and N accumulation in various growth stages as well as increased grain yield. Nitrogen fertilizer significantly promoted root growth regardless of biochar application. However, biochar application without N fertilizer increased root biomass and length during the whole growth period, except in the booting stage; biochar with N application promoted root growth at tillering, reduced root biomass but maintained root length with low root diameter and high specific root length during the jointing and booting stages, and then delayed root senescence in the grain filling stage. Long‐term applications of biochar and N fertilizer reduced 10%–12% bulk density of topsoil compared to the control treatment with no N fertilizer and no biochar. Long‐term biochar application also improved soil total organic carbon and concentrations of available N, phosphorus, and potassium. In addition, biochar and N fertilizer applied together significantly reduced nitrate and ammonium concentration in leachate at different soil depths. In conclusion, biochar could regulate root growth, root morphology, soil properties, and N leaching to increase rice N fertilizer‐use efficiency.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar significantly promoted rice growth; its interaction with N fertilizer was significant only in some cases.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- biochare0
- Outcome
- rice growthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Qualifier
- interaction significant only in some casese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both biochar and N fertilizer significantly promoted rice growth, with their interaction significant only in some cases”
Claim · model-written summary
N fertilizer significantly promoted rice growth.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- N fertilizere0
- Outcome
- rice growthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both biochar and N fertilizer significantly promoted rice growth, with their interaction significant only in some cases”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar enhanced rice shoot biomass and N accumulation across growth stages.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- various growth stagese0
- Treatment
- biochare1
- Outcome
- shoot biomass and N accumulatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both fertilizers enhanced rice shoot biomass and N accumulation in various growth stages as well as increased grain yield”
e1“both biochar and N fertilizer significantly promoted rice growth, with their interaction significant only in some cases”
Claim · model-written summary
N fertilizer enhanced rice shoot biomass and N accumulation across growth stages.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- various growth stagese0
- Treatment
- N fertilizere1
- Outcome
- shoot biomass and N accumulatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both fertilizers enhanced rice shoot biomass and N accumulation in various growth stages as well as increased grain yield”
e1“both biochar and N fertilizer significantly promoted rice growth, with their interaction significant only in some cases”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased rice grain yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- graine0
- Treatment
- biochare1
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both fertilizers enhanced rice shoot biomass and N accumulation in various growth stages as well as increased grain yield”
e1“both biochar and N fertilizer significantly promoted rice growth, with their interaction significant only in some cases”
Claim · model-written summary
N fertilizer increased rice grain yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- graine0
- Treatment
- N fertilizere1
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both fertilizers enhanced rice shoot biomass and N accumulation in various growth stages as well as increased grain yield”
e1“both biochar and N fertilizer significantly promoted rice growth, with their interaction significant only in some cases”
Claim · model-written summary
N fertilizer promoted rice root growth regardless of biochar application.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilizere0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Qualifier
- regardless of biochar applicatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen fertilizer significantly promoted root growth regardless of biochar application”
e1“both biochar and N fertilizer significantly promoted rice growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar without N fertilizer increased rice root biomass and length during the whole growth period, except the booting stage.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- biochar application without N fertilizere0
- Outcome
- root biomass and lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- during the whole growth period, except in the booting stagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar application without N fertilizer increased root biomass and length during the whole growth period, except in the booting stage”
e1“both biochar and N fertilizer significantly promoted rice growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar with N application promoted rice root growth at tillering.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- biochar with N applicatione0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Qualifier
- at tilleringe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar with N application promoted root growth at tillering”
e1“both biochar and N fertilizer significantly promoted rice growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar with N application reduced rice root biomass during the jointing and booting stages.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- biochar with N applicatione0
- Outcome
- root biomasse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- during the jointing and booting stagese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar with N application promoted root growth at tillering”
e1“reduced root biomass but maintained root length with low root diameter and high specific root length during the jointing and booting stages”
e2“both biochar and N fertilizer significantly promoted rice growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar with N application maintained rice root length during the jointing and booting stages.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- biochar with N applicatione0
- Outcome
- root lengthe1
- Direction
- maintainede1
- Qualifier
- during the jointing and booting stagese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar with N application promoted root growth at tillering”
e1“reduced root biomass but maintained root length with low root diameter and high specific root length during the jointing and booting stages”
e2“both biochar and N fertilizer significantly promoted rice growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar with N application gave low rice root diameter during the jointing and booting stages.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- biochar with N applicatione0
- Outcome
- root diametere1
- Direction
- lowe1
- Qualifier
- during the jointing and booting stagese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar with N application promoted root growth at tillering”
e1“reduced root biomass but maintained root length with low root diameter and high specific root length during the jointing and booting stages”
e2“both biochar and N fertilizer significantly promoted rice growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar with N application gave high specific root length during the jointing and booting stages.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- biochar with N applicatione0
- Outcome
- specific root lengthe1
- Direction
- highe1
- Qualifier
- during the jointing and booting stagese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar with N application promoted root growth at tillering”
e1“reduced root biomass but maintained root length with low root diameter and high specific root length during the jointing and booting stages”
e2“both biochar and N fertilizer significantly promoted rice growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar with N application delayed rice root senescence in the grain filling stage.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- biochar with N applicatione0
- Outcome
- root senescencee1
- Direction
- delayede1
- Qualifier
- in the grain filling stagee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar with N application promoted root growth at tillering”
e1“then delayed root senescence in the grain filling stage”
e2“both biochar and N fertilizer significantly promoted rice growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term biochar and N fertilizer applications reduced topsoil bulk density by 10%–12% compared with the control with no N fertilizer and no biochar.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- topsoile0
- Treatment
- applications of biochar and N fertilizere0
- Outcome
- bulk density of topsoile0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 10%–12%e0
- Comparator
- control treatment with no N fertilizer and no biochare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“applications of biochar and N fertilizer reduced 10%–12% bulk density of topsoil compared to the control treatment with no N fertilizer and no biochar”
e1“both biochar and N fertilizer significantly promoted rice growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term biochar application improved soil total organic carbon.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- biochar applicatione0
- Outcome
- soil total organic carbone0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar application also improved soil total organic carbon and concentrations of available N, phosphorus, and potassium”
e1“both biochar and N fertilizer significantly promoted rice growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term biochar application improved concentrations of available N, phosphorus and potassium in soil.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- biochar applicatione0
- Outcome
- concentrations of available N, phosphorus, and potassiume0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar application also improved soil total organic carbon and concentrations of available N, phosphorus, and potassium”
e1“both biochar and N fertilizer significantly promoted rice growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and N fertilizer applied together significantly reduced nitrate and ammonium concentration in leachate at different soil depths.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- biochar and N fertilizer applied togethere0
- Outcome
- nitrate and ammonium concentration in leachatee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- at different soil depthse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar and N fertilizer applied together significantly reduced nitrate and ammonium concentration in leachate at different soil depths”
e1“both biochar and N fertilizer significantly promoted rice growth”
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