Abstract
Reducing nitrogen application rates can mitigate issues such as environmental degradation and resource wastage. However, it can also exacerbate problems such as wheat floret degeneration, leading to reduced yields. Therefore, investigating wheat floret degeneration mechanisms under low nitrogen stress and identifying mitigation measures are conducive to achieving high yields and sustainable development. To investigate the physiological mechanism of low nitrogen stress affecting wheat floret degradation and whether exogenous brassinosteroids can alleviate this stress, three nitrogen application rates (N0, no nitrogen application; N1, 120 kg ha-1 pure nitrogen; and N2, 240 kg ha-1 pure nitrogen) and exogenous spraying experiments (N0CK, no nitrogen with water spraying; N0BR, no nitrogen with 24-epibrassinolide (an active brassinosteroids) spraying; and N1, 120 kg ha-1 pure nitrogen with water spraying) were designed. The results indicated that low nitrogen stress induced a large amount of reactive oxygen species generation. Although wheat spikes synthesized flavonoids to combat oxidative stress, their energy metabolism (glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle) and ascorbate-glutathione cycle were inhibited, keeping reactive oxygen levels elevated within the spike, inducing cell death and exacerbating floret degeneration. Furthermore, brassinosteroids played a role in regulating wheat floret degeneration under low-nitrogen stress. Exogenous foliar spraying of 24-epibrassinolide promoted energy metabolism and the ascorbate-glutathione cycle within the spike, enhancing energy charge and effectively mitigating a portion of reactive oxygen induced by low nitrogen stress, thereby alleviating floret degeneration caused by low nitrogen stress. In summary, low-nitrogen stress disrupts the redox homeostasis of wheat spikes, leading to floret degeneration. Brassinosteroids alleviate floret degeneration by improving the redox state of wheat spikes. This research provides theoretical support for balancing the contradiction between high yields and sustainable development and is beneficial for the application of low nitrogen in production.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Low nitrogen stress induced abundant reactive oxygen species in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- low nitrogen stresse0
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species generatione0
- Direction
- a large amounte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat florets”
e0“low nitrogen stress induced a large amount of reactive oxygen species generation”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat spikes synthesized flavonoids under oxidative stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- spikese0
- Outcome
- synthesized flavonoidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat spikes synthesized flavonoids to combat oxidative stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Energy metabolism in wheat spikes was inhibited under low nitrogen.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- energy metabolism (glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle)e0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat florets”
e0“their energy metabolism (glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle) and ascorbate-glutathione cycle were inhibited”
Claim · model-written summary
The ascorbate-glutathione cycle in wheat spikes was inhibited under low nitrogen.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- ascorbate-glutathione cyclee0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat florets”
e0“ascorbate-glutathione cycle were inhibited”
Claim · model-written summary
Reactive oxygen levels remained elevated in wheat spikes under low nitrogen.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen levelse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat florets”
e0“keeping reactive oxygen levels elevated within the spike”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated reactive oxygen was reported to induce cell death and exacerbate wheat floret degeneration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- floret degeneratione0
- Qualifier
- cell deathe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat florets”
e0“inducing cell death and exacerbating floret degeneration”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar 24-epibrassinolide promoted energy metabolism in wheat spikes under low nitrogen.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Exogenous foliar spraying of 24-epibrassinolidee0
- Outcome
- energy metabolisme0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat florets”
e0“Exogenous foliar spraying of 24-epibrassinolide promoted energy metabolism and the ascorbate-glutathione cycle within the spike”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar 24-epibrassinolide promoted the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in wheat spikes under low nitrogen.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Exogenous foliar spraying of 24-epibrassinolidee0
- Outcome
- ascorbate-glutathione cyclee0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat florets”
e0“Exogenous foliar spraying of 24-epibrassinolide promoted energy metabolism and the ascorbate-glutathione cycle within the spike”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar 24-epibrassinolide enhanced wheat spike energy charge under low nitrogen.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Exogenous foliar spraying of 24-epibrassinolidee0
- Outcome
- energy chargee0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat florets”
e0“Exogenous foliar spraying of 24-epibrassinolide promoted energy metabolism and the ascorbate-glutathione cycle within the spike, enhancing energy charge”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar 24-epibrassinolide mitigated some reactive oxygen induced by low nitrogen in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Exogenous foliar spraying of 24-epibrassinolidee0
- Outcome
- reactive oxygene0
- Direction
- mitigatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat florets”
e0“Exogenous foliar spraying of 24-epibrassinolide promoted energy metabolism and the ascorbate-glutathione cycle within the spike, enhancing energy charge and effectively mitigating a portion of reactive oxygen induced by low nitrogen stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar 24-epibrassinolide alleviated wheat floret degeneration caused by low nitrogen.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Exogenous foliar spraying of 24-epibrassinolidee1
- Outcome
- floret degeneratione0
- Direction
- alleviatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat florets”
e0“thereby alleviating floret degeneration caused by low nitrogen stress”
e1“Exogenous foliar spraying of 24-epibrassinolide”
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See all 115 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.