Abstract
Abstract The application of natural extracts to vegetable plants can increase production, optimize nutrient and water uptake, and mitigate the effects of stress on vegetable plants by enhancing primary and secondary metabolism. In this study, Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L.Wendl. fruit aqueous extract (FAE) was applied as a foliar application to assess and demonstrate its effects on growth, productivity, and phytochemicals of coriander ( Coriandrum sativum L.) plants. A. saligna FAE (2%, 4%, and 6%), each combined with 50% of the recommended dose of N fertilizer was applied to coriander plants over the course of two successive seasons in the field. These treatments were compared with the control treatment, which used a 100% recommended dose of N. The four tested treatments were set up in a randomized complete block design with three replicates for a total of 12 experimental plots. Each replicate (experimental plot) was 3 m 2 (2 × 1.5 m 2 ) in size and included 300 seeds/m 2 . The phytochemicals were examined using chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods, where the essential oils (EOs) extracted from leaves were analyzed by Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), while the phenolic and flavonoid compounds were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). With the application of A. saligna FAE (4%) + 50% N fertilizer, the levels of total solid content, total carbohydrates, total protein, total phenols, and total antioxidant activity, as well as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a + b, and carotenoids, were increased at harvest. The treatment A. saligna FAE at 6% + 50% N fertilizer did not observe significant improvement in the growth parameters of coriander plants because of the anticipated allelopathic effects. By GC–MS analysis, the major compounds in the EO from control treatment were 2-octyn-1-ol (23.93%), and 2-butyl-1-octanol (8.80%), in treated plants with 2% of A. saligna FAE + 50% N fertilizer were ( E )-2-decen-1-ol (32.00%), and 1-methoxymethoxy-oct-2-yne (13.71%), in treated plants with 4% A. saligna FAE + 50% N fertilizer were E -2-undecen-1-ol (32.70%), and 3,5,5-trimethyl-1-hexene (8.91%), and in the treated plants with A. saligna FAE (6%) + 50% N fertilizer were phytol (80.44%), and ( Z )6,( Z )9-pentadecadien-1-ol (13.75%). The flavonoid components 7-hydroxyflavone, naringin, rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, apigenin, and catechin were presented with variable concentrations according to the treatments utilized as identified by HPLC analysis from the methanol extracts of the treated plants with the combination treatments of A. saligna FAE (2, 4, and 6%) and N fertilization (50% from the recommended dose) and control coriander plants (100% N recommended dose). The combination of 50% N fertilizer treatment and the biostimulant A. saligna FAE (4%) seems to improve coriander plant growth while simultaneously lowering N fertilizer consumption. Future research will be needed to further study the effectiveness of several concentrations of A. saligna FAE in various conditions and/or species.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Four percent Acacia extract with half the nitrogen dose increased total solids, carbohydrates and protein at harvest.
- Taxon
- coriander
Coriandrum sativumt0 - Treatment
- A. saligna FAE (4%) + 50% N fertilizere0
- Outcome
- total solid content, total carbohydrates, total proteine0
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- 100% recommended dose of Ne2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the application of A. saligna FAE (4%) + 50% N fertilizer, the levels of total solid content, total carbohydrates, total protein”
t0“Coriander”
e1“were increased at harvest”
e2“100% recommended dose of N”
Claim · model-written summary
Four percent Acacia extract with half the nitrogen dose increased total phenols and antioxidant activity at harvest.
- Taxon
- corianderCoriandrum sativumt0
- Treatment
- A. saligna FAE (4%) + 50% N fertilizere1
- Outcome
- total phenols, and total antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total phenols, and total antioxidant activity”
t0“Coriander”
e1“With the application of A. saligna FAE (4%) + 50% N fertilizer, the levels of total solid content, total carbohydrates, total protein, total phenols, and total antioxidant activity, as well as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a + b, and carotenoids, were increased at harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Four percent Acacia extract with half the nitrogen dose increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and their sum.
- Taxon
- corianderCoriandrum sativumt0
- Treatment
- A. saligna FAE (4%) + 50% N fertilizere1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a + be0
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a + b”
t0“Coriander”
e1“With the application of A. saligna FAE (4%) + 50% N fertilizer, the levels of total solid content, total carbohydrates, total protein, total phenols, and total antioxidant activity, as well as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a + b, and carotenoids, were increased at harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Four percent Acacia extract with half the nitrogen dose increased carotenoids.
- Taxon
- corianderCoriandrum sativumt0
- Treatment
- A. saligna FAE (4%) + 50% N fertilizere1
- Outcome
- carotenoidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and carotenoids, were increased at harvest”
t0“Coriander”
e1“With the application of A. saligna FAE (4%) + 50% N fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Six percent Acacia extract with half the nitrogen dose did not significantly improve coriander growth parameters.
- Taxon
- corianderCoriandrum sativume0
- Treatment
- A. saligna FAE at 6% + 50% N fertilizere0
- Outcome
- growth parameterse0
- Direction
- did not observe significant improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The treatment A. saligna FAE at 6% + 50% N fertilizer did not observe significant improvement in the growth parameters of coriander plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Control coriander leaf essential oil was dominated by 2-octyn-1-ol at 23.93%.
- Taxon
- corianderCoriandrum sativumt0
- Treatment
- control treatmente0
- Outcome
- 2-octyn-1-ole0
- Value
- 23.93%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the major compounds in the EO from control treatment were 2-octyn-1-ol (23.93%)”
t0“Coriander”
Claim · model-written summary
Control coriander leaf essential oil also contained 2-butyl-1-octanol at 8.80%.
- Taxon
- corianderCoriandrum sativumt0
- Outcome
- 2-butyl-1-octanole0
- Value
- 8.80%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2-butyl-1-octanol (8.80%)”
t0“Coriander”
Claim · model-written summary
Two percent extract treatment yielded ( E )-2-decen-1-ol at 32.00% in coriander essential oil.
- Taxon
- corianderCoriandrum sativumt0
- Treatment
- 2% of A. saligna FAE + 50% N fertilizere0
- Outcome
- ( E )-2-decen-1-ole0
- Value
- 32.00%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in treated plants with 2% of A. saligna FAE + 50% N fertilizer were ( E )-2-decen-1-ol (32.00%)”
t0“Coriander”
Claim · model-written summary
Two percent extract treatment yielded 1-methoxymethoxy-oct-2-yne at 13.71%.
- Taxon
- corianderCoriandrum sativumt0
- Outcome
- 1-methoxymethoxy-oct-2-ynee0
- Value
- 13.71%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1-methoxymethoxy-oct-2-yne (13.71%)”
t0“Coriander”
Claim · model-written summary
Four percent extract treatment yielded E -2-undecen-1-ol at 32.70%.
- Taxon
- corianderCoriandrum sativumt0
- Treatment
- 4% A. saligna FAE + 50% N fertilizere0
- Outcome
- E -2-undecen-1-ole0
- Value
- 32.70%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in treated plants with 4% A. saligna FAE + 50% N fertilizer were E -2-undecen-1-ol (32.70%)”
t0“Coriander”
Claim · model-written summary
Four percent extract treatment yielded 3,5,5-trimethyl-1-hexene at 8.91%.
- Taxon
- corianderCoriandrum sativumt0
- Outcome
- 3,5,5-trimethyl-1-hexenee0
- Value
- 8.91%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“3,5,5-trimethyl-1-hexene (8.91%)”
t0“Coriander”
Claim · model-written summary
Six percent extract treatment yielded phytol at 80.44%.
- Taxon
- corianderCoriandrum sativumt0
- Treatment
- A. saligna FAE (6%) + 50% N fertilizere0
- Outcome
- phytole0
- Value
- 80.44%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the treated plants with A. saligna FAE (6%) + 50% N fertilizer were phytol (80.44%)”
t0“Coriander”
Claim · model-written summary
Six percent extract treatment yielded ( Z )6,( Z )9-pentadecadien-1-ol at 13.75%.
- Taxon
- corianderCoriandrum sativumt0
- Outcome
- ( Z )6,( Z )9-pentadecadien-1-ole0
- Value
- 13.75%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“( Z )6,( Z )9-pentadecadien-1-ol (13.75%)”
t0“Coriander”
Claim · model-written summary
HPLC identified 7-hydroxyflavone, naringin and rutin in coriander methanol extracts.
- Taxon
- corianderCoriandrum sativumt0
- Outcome
- 7-hydroxyflavone, naringin, rutine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The flavonoid components 7-hydroxyflavone, naringin, rutin”
t0“Coriander”
Claim · model-written summary
HPLC identified quercetin, kaempferol and luteolin in coriander methanol extracts.
- Taxon
- corianderCoriandrum sativumt0
- Outcome
- quercetin, kaempferol, luteoline0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin”
t0“Coriander”
Claim · model-written summary
HPLC identified apigenin and catechin in coriander methanol extracts.
- Taxon
- corianderCoriandrum sativumt0
- Outcome
- apigenin, and catechine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apigenin, and catechin”
t0“Coriander”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors conclude that 4% extract with half the nitrogen dose may improve coriander growth while reducing fertilizer consumption.
- Taxon
- corianderCoriandrum sativume0
- Treatment
- 50% N fertilizer treatment and the biostimulant A. saligna FAE (4%)e0
- Outcome
- improve coriander plant growth while simultaneously lowering N fertilizer consumptione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of 50% N fertilizer treatment and the biostimulant A. saligna FAE (4%) seems to improve coriander plant growth while simultaneously lowering N fertilizer consumption”
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