Abstract
A two-year (2020, 2022) field experiment on soybean was conducted in northeaster Italy to evaluate the effect of irrigation (drip irrigation vs. rainfed), soil amendment (compost vs. digestate) and a cover crop (triticale vs. no cover crop) on grain yield and quality. Highly different rainfall amounts (627 mm and 258 mm in 2020 and 2022, respectively) and similar ET0 (578 mm and 581 mm in 2020 and 2022, respectively) were recorded during the growing seasons. Irrigation was managed using the web platform Irriframe suppling 51 mm in 2020 and 157 mm in 2022. Irrigation was the only experimental factor with significant effects on soybean grain yield and quality, except soil amendment on aboveground biomass production. In 2020, drip irrigation had no significant effect on grain yield (4.6 Mg ha-1 on average), while it increased it by 157% in 2022 compared to the rainfed control (1.0 Mg ha-1). The grain protein content was reduced by irrigation (43.2 ± 1.3% and 42.6 ± 0.9% under rainfed and irrigation managements, respectively). No treatment effect was observed on the grain oil content. A positive effect of irrigation was observed on water use efficiency, with values ranging from 0.40 ± 0.19 kg m-3 to 0.71 ± 0.12 kg m-3. The balance of the economic sustainability of drip irrigation was negative in both years: this irrigation method was not sustainable for soybean within the economic framework of the study area at the time. However, the results also confirmed that irrigation is a key agronomic technique to reduce production variability and dryland vulnerability of soybean.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation significantly affected soybean grain yield and quality.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- Irrigatione0
- Outcome
- grain yield and qualitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation was the only experimental factor with significant effects on soybean grain yield and quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil amendment affected aboveground biomass production.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- soil amendmente0
- Outcome
- aboveground biomass productione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“except soil amendment on aboveground biomass production”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2020 drip irrigation did not significantly alter grain yield.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- drip irrigatione0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
- Value
- 4.6 Mg ha-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2020, drip irrigation had no significant effect on grain yield (4.6 Mg ha-1 on average)”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2022 drip irrigation increased grain yield 157% over rainfed control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- drip irrigatione1
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 157%e0
- Comparator
- rainfed controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while it increased it by 157% in 2022 compared to the rainfed control (1.0 Mg ha-1)”
t0“soybean”
e1“In 2020, drip irrigation”
e2“no significant effect on grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation reduced grain protein content.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- irrigatione0
- Outcome
- grain protein contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 42.6 ± 0.9%e0
- Qualifier
- 43.2 ± 1.3%e0
- Comparator
- rainfede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain protein content was reduced by irrigation (43.2 ± 1.3% and 42.6 ± 0.9% under rainfed and irrigation managements, respectively)”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments did not affect grain oil content.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain oil contente0
- Direction
- No treatment effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No treatment effect was observed on the grain oil content”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation improved water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- irrigatione0
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
- Value
- 0.40 ± 0.19 kg m-3 to 0.71 ± 0.12 kg m-3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A positive effect of irrigation was observed on water use efficiency, with values ranging from 0.40 ± 0.19 kg m-3 to 0.71 ± 0.12 kg m-3”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation had a negative economic balance in both years.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- drip irrigatione0
- Outcome
- balance of the economic sustainabilitye0
- Direction
- negativee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The balance of the economic sustainability of drip irrigation was negative in both years”
t0“soybean”
The same questions in other papers
irrigation · quality: protein · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 17 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
22 papers more in this group
See all 26 papers →irrigation · physiology: water · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
60 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- negative
65 papers more in this group
See all 69 papers →irrigation · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
263 papers in the same direction as this paper · 72 in the opposite direction · 7 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
339 papers more in this group
See all 343 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.