Abstract
Abstract Background Manganese (Mn) deficiency due to nutrient mining by high yielding cereal–cereal cropping patterns and forgetfulness of Mn fertilizer applications becomes potential challenge in crop production. Aim Nano‐enabled Mn fertilizers can be safer and more nutrient efficient than conventional Mn fertilizers (nutrient use efficiency ≈ 1%–3%). However, studies about nano‐Mn fertilizer synthesis and their behaviour in soil–plant system are rare. Methods In this study, two novel nano‐Mn fertilizers, that is nano‐MnO 2 (NMO) and manganese nanoclay polymer composites (Mn‐NCPC), were synthesized, characterized (dynamic light scattering, X‐ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopic and energy‐dispersive X‐ray, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy etc.) and investigated for their impact on growth, yield and nutrient acquisition by wheat crop ( Triticum aestivum L., variety HD‐2967) in a pot culture experiment. Treatment comprised 25%, 50% and 100% of recommended dose of Mn (RDMn) through NMO along with 100% RDMn through MnSO 4 ·H 2 O (MS). Effect of exposure route was also investigated using foliar spray of NMO at tillering stage. Mn‐NCPC was found to be most efficient Mn fertilizer in terms of yield, Mn uptake and use efficiency by wheat crop. Results Nano‐sized formulations improved the solubility of Mn in soil due to its higher active surface area (NMO) and slow‐release behaviour (Mn‐NCPC); thus, minimal losses happened due to the fixing of Mn in oxide/hydroxide forms. Application of 25% RDMn through NMO fertilizers maintained equitant diethylenetriamine pentaacetate Mn content to 100% RDMn through MnSO 4 ·H 2 O. Mn‐NCPC stimulated the soil enzymatic activities, namely dehydrogenase, acid–alkaline phosphatase activities. Mn‐NCPC and NMO at 100% RDMn recorded 3.51% and 5.20% improvement in grain yield, respectively, when compared to MnSO 4 ·H 2 O 100%. Conclusions Mn fertilizer doses can be reduced up to 25% of RDMn when applied through NMO or Mn‐NCPC fertilizers. However, effects of Mn‐NCPC and NMO need to be critically evaluated in long‐term field experiments in various cropping systems especially under cereal–cereal sequences for economic profitability and wide‐scale farmer's adaptability.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Mn‐NCPC was the most efficient Mn fertilizer for wheat in terms of yield, Mn uptake and use efficiency.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- Mn‐NCPCe1
- Outcome
- most efficient Mn fertilizer in terms of yield, Mn uptake and use efficiencye1
- Direction
- most efficiente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Mn‐NCPC was found to be most efficient Mn fertilizer in terms of yield, Mn uptake and use efficiency by wheat crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of 25% RDMn through NMO maintained the DTPA-extractable Mn content equal to 100% RDMn through MnSO4.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 25% RDMn through NMOe2
- Outcome
- diethylenetriamine pentaacetate Mn contente2
- Direction
- maintainede2
- Comparator
- MnSO 4 ·H 2 Oe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Application of 25% RDMn through NMO fertilizers maintained equitant diethylenetriamine pentaacetate Mn content to 100% RDMn through MnSO 4 ·H 2 O”
t0“in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Mn‐NCPC stimulated soil enzymatic activities, namely dehydrogenase and acid–alkaline phosphatase.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Mn‐NCPCe3
- Outcome
- soil enzymatic activitiese3
- Direction
- stimulatede3
- Qualifier
- namely dehydrogenase, acid–alkaline phosphatase activitiese3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Mn‐NCPC stimulated the soil enzymatic activities, namely dehydrogenase, acid–alkaline phosphatase activities”
t0“in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Mn‐NCPC at 100% RDMn gave a 3.51% grain yield improvement compared with MnSO4 at 100%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Mn‐NCPCe4
- Outcome
- grain yielde4
- Direction
- improvemente4
- Value
- 3.51%e4
- Comparator
- MnSO 4 ·H 2 Oe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Mn‐NCPC and NMO at 100% RDMn recorded 3.51% and 5.20% improvement in grain yield, respectively, when compared to MnSO 4 ·H 2 O 100%”
t0“in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NMO at 100% RDMn gave a 5.20% grain yield improvement compared with MnSO4 at 100%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NMOe4
- Outcome
- grain yielde4
- Direction
- improvemente4
- Value
- 5.20%e4
- Comparator
- MnSO 4 ·H 2 Oe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Mn‐NCPC and NMO at 100% RDMn recorded 3.51% and 5.20% improvement in grain yield, respectively, when compared to MnSO 4 ·H 2 O 100%”
t0“in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Mn fertilizer doses can be reduced up to 25% of RDMn when applied as NMO or Mn‐NCPC.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NMO or Mn‐NCPC fertilizerse6
- Outcome
- Mn fertilizer doses can be reduced up to 25% of RDMne6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Mn fertilizer doses can be reduced up to 25% of RDMn when applied through NMO or Mn‐NCPC fertilizers”
t0“in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-sized formulations improved the solubility of Mn in soil, due to their higher active surface area.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Nano‐sized formulationse7
- Outcome
- solubility of Mn in soile7
- Direction
- improvede7
- Qualifier
- due to its higher active surface areae7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Nano‐sized formulations improved the solubility of Mn in soil due to its higher active surface area”
t0“in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Losses of Mn in soil were minimal, due to fixing of Mn in oxide/hydroxide forms.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- lossese1
- Direction
- minimale1
- Qualifier
- due to the fixing of Mn in oxide/hydroxide formse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“thus, minimal losses happened due to the fixing of Mn in oxide/hydroxide forms”
t0“in wheat”
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