Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the mechanisms of assimilate distribution and sugar metabolism in spike-stem that inhibit the formation of fertile florets and grains per spike in winter wheat under pre-reproductive drought stress. Two winter wheat cultivars, CH58 (relatively strongly drought tolerant) and LH6 (relatively weakly drought tolerant), were subjected to successive soil drought treatments from jointing to heading during the 2020–2022 growing seasons. The results showed that pre-reproductive drought stress intensified the degradation and abortion of wheat florets. Compared to CH58, the decrease in the number of fertile florets and grains per spike of LH6 under drought stress increased by an average of 5.3%−8.0% and 8.3%−9.0%, respectively. Drought significantly inhibited the distribution of 13C-photosynthates in wheat spikes (15.7%−24.7%) and stems (8.5%−11.7%) during the booting stage. The number of differentially expressed genes enriched in starch and sucrose metabolic pathways was much higher in the spike and stem of LH6 than in those of CH58. Drought significantly reduced sucrose and hexose in young spikes but increased hexose and fructan concentrations in stems. Compared to LH6, the higher invertase activity and accompanying high expression of sugar transporter protein (STP) in CH58 spikes under drought stress contributed to the utilization of sucrose in young spikes. Additionally, under severe drought, the higher fructan concentration and expression of sugar transport proteins (SWEET and SUT) in the stem of CH58 improved the ability of the stem to transport assimilates to young spikes and thus alleviated the loss of grain number per spike. Exogenous spermidine optimized hexose and sucrose allocation in young wheat spikes and stems after drought stress, thereby increasing the number of fertile florets under drought stress. Overall, the ability of the dominant spike to utilize sugar and the ability to compete for assimilates between the spike and stem contribute to the resistance to drought stress-induced grain reduction in the spike. Exogenous chemicals can regulate the number of fertile florets through this pathway, thereby promoting the formation of wheat grain number.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-reproductive drought intensified wheat floret degradation and abortion.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- pre-reproductive drought stresse0
- Outcome
- degradation and abortion of wheat floretse0
- Direction
- intensifiede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pre-reproductive drought stress intensified the degradation and abortion of wheat florets.”
Claim · model-written summary
The drought-related decrease in fertile florets was 5.3%−8.0% greater in LH6 than CH58.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- LH6e0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- number of fertile floretse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 5.3%−8.0%e0
- Comparator
- CH58e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to CH58, the decrease in the number of fertile florets and grains per spike of LH6 under drought stress increased by an average of 5.3%−8.0% and 8.3%−9.0%, respectively.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The drought-related decrease in grains per spike was 8.3%−9.0% greater in LH6 than CH58.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- LH6e0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- grains per spikee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 8.3%−9.0%e0
- Comparator
- CH58e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to CH58, the decrease in the number of fertile florets and grains per spike of LH6 under drought stress increased by an average of 5.3%−8.0% and 8.3%−9.0%, respectively.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought inhibited 13C photosynthate distribution in wheat spikes by 15.7%−24.7%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- spikese0
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- distribution of 13C-photosynthatese0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 15.7%−24.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought significantly inhibited the distribution of 13C-photosynthates in wheat spikes (15.7%−24.7%) and stems (8.5%−11.7%) during the booting stage.”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought inhibited 13C photosynthate distribution in wheat stems by 8.5%−11.7%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- stemse0
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- distribution of 13C-photosynthatese0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 8.5%−11.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought significantly inhibited the distribution of 13C-photosynthates in wheat spikes (15.7%−24.7%) and stems (8.5%−11.7%) during the booting stage.”
Claim · model-written summary
More differentially expressed starch and sucrose pathway genes occurred in LH6 spike and stem than in CH58.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- LH6e0
- Outcome
- number of differentially expressed genes enriched in starch and sucrose metabolic pathwayse0
- Direction
- much highere0
- Comparator
- CH58e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of differentially expressed genes enriched in starch and sucrose metabolic pathways was much higher in the spike and stem of LH6 than in those of CH58.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced sucrose and hexose in young wheat spikes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- sucrose and hexose in young spikese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought significantly reduced sucrose and hexose in young spikes but increased hexose and fructan concentrations in stems.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased stem hexose and fructan concentrations.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- hexose and fructan concentrations in stemse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought significantly reduced sucrose and hexose in young spikes but increased hexose and fructan concentrations in stems.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher spike invertase activity and STP expression in CH58 contributed to sucrose use in young spikes under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- CH58e0
- Gene
- sugar transporter protein (STP)e0
- Outcome
- utilization of sucrose in young spikese0
- Qualifier
- higher invertase activitye0
- Comparator
- LH6e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to LH6, the higher invertase activity and accompanying high expression of sugar transporter protein (STP) in CH58 spikes under drought stress contributed to the utilization of sucrose in young spikes.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher stem fructan and SWEET/SUT expression in CH58 supported transport of assimilates to young spikes and reduced grain-number loss.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- CH58e0
- Gene
- sugar transport proteins (SWEET and SUT)e0
- Outcome
- loss of grain number per spikee0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
- Qualifier
- under severe droughte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under severe drought, the higher fructan concentration and expression of sugar transport proteins (SWEET and SUT) in the stem of CH58 improved the ability of the stem to transport assimilates to young spikes and thus alleviated the loss of grain number per spike.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous spermidine improved sugar allocation in spikes and stems after drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Exogenous spermidinee0
- Outcome
- hexose and sucrose allocatione0
- Direction
- optimizede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous spermidine optimized hexose and sucrose allocation in young wheat spikes and stems after drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous spermidine increased fertile floret number under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Exogenous spermidinee0
- Outcome
- number of fertile floretse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous spermidine optimized hexose and sucrose allocation in young wheat spikes and stems after drought stress, thereby increasing the number of fertile florets under drought stress.”
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