Abstract
Rice is one of the most important crops in the world and a staple food for more than half of the world’s population. At present, the blast disease caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae poses a severe threat to food security through reduction of rice yields worldwide. High phosphate fertilization has previously been shown to increase blast susceptibility. At present, however, our knowledge on the mechanisms underpinning phosphate-induced susceptibility to M. oryzae infection in rice is limited. In this work, we conducted live cell imaging on rice sheaths inoculated with a M. oryzae strain expressing two fluorescently-tagged M. oryzae effectors. We show that growing rice under high phosphate fertilization, and subsequent accumulation of phosphate in leaf sheaths, promotes invasive growth of M. oryzae . Consistent with this, stronger expression of M. oryzae effectors and Pathogenicity Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase ( PMK1 ) occurs in leaf sheaths of rice plants grown under high a phosphate regime. Down-regulation of fungal genes encoding suppressors of plant cell death and up-regulation of plant cell death-inducing effectors also occurs in sheaths of phosphate over-accumulating rice plants. Treatment with high Pi causes alterations in the expression of fungal phosphate transporter genes potentially contributing to pathogen virulence. From the perspective of the plant, Pi accumulation in leaf sheaths prevents H 2 O 2 accumulation early during M. oryzae infection which was associated to a weaker activation of Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologs ( RBOHs ) genes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Further, a weaker activation of defense-related genes occurs during infection in rice plants over-accumulating phosphate. From these results, it can be concluded that phosphate fertilization has an effect on the two interacting partners, pathogen and host. Phosphate-mediated stimulation of fungal effector genes (e.g., potentiation of fungal pathogenicity) in combination with repression of pathogen-inducible immune responses (e.g., ROS accumulation, defense gene expression) explains higher colonization by M. oryzae in rice tissues accumulating phosphate. Phosphate content can therefore be considered as an important factor in determining the outcome of the rice/ M. oryzae interaction. As fertilizers and pesticides are commonly used in rice cultivation to maintain optimal yield and to prevent losses caused by pathogens, a better understanding of how phosphate impacts blast susceptibility is crucial for developing strategies to rationally optimize fertilizer and pesticide use in rice production.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
High phosphate fertilization promoted invasive growth of M. oryzae in rice sheaths.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Organ / stage
- leaf sheathse0
- Treatment
- high phosphate fertilizatione0
- Interactor
- M. oryzae
Pyricularia oryzaee0pathogen - Outcome
- invasive growth of M. oryzaee0
- Direction
- promotese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growing rice under high phosphate fertilization, and subsequent accumulation of phosphate in leaf sheaths, promotes invasive growth of M. oryzae”
Claim · model-written summary
High phosphate increased M. oryzae effector expression in rice leaf sheaths.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- leaf sheathse0
- Treatment
- high a phosphate regimee0
- Interactor
- M. oryzaePyricularia oryzaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- expression of M. oryzae effectorse0
- Direction
- strongere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stronger expression of M. oryzae effectors and Pathogenicity Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase ( PMK1 ) occurs in leaf sheaths of rice plants grown under high a phosphate regime”
Claim · model-written summary
High phosphate increased fungal PMK1 expression in rice leaf sheaths.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- leaf sheathse0
- Treatment
- high a phosphate regimee0
- Interactor
- M. oryzaePyricularia oryzaee0pathogen
- Gene
- PMK1e0
- Outcome
- Pathogenicity Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase ( PMK1 )e0
- Direction
- strongere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stronger expression of M. oryzae effectors and Pathogenicity Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase ( PMK1 ) occurs in leaf sheaths of rice plants grown under high a phosphate regime”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal genes encoding suppressors of plant cell death were downregulated in phosphate accumulating rice sheaths.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- sheathse0
- Outcome
- fungal genes encoding suppressors of plant cell deathe0
- Direction
- Down-regulatione0
- Qualifier
- phosphate over-accumulating rice plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Down-regulation of fungal genes encoding suppressors of plant cell death and up-regulation of plant cell death-inducing effectors also occurs in sheaths of phosphate over-accumulating rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal plant cell death inducing effectors were upregulated in phosphate accumulating rice sheaths.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- sheathse0
- Outcome
- plant cell death-inducing effectorse0
- Direction
- up-regulatione0
- Qualifier
- phosphate over-accumulating rice plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Down-regulation of fungal genes encoding suppressors of plant cell death and up-regulation of plant cell death-inducing effectors also occurs in sheaths of phosphate over-accumulating rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
High Pi altered fungal phosphate transporter gene expression.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- high Pie0
- Outcome
- expression of fungal phosphate transporter genese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with high Pi causes alterations in the expression of fungal phosphate transporter genes potentially contributing to pathogen virulence”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Pi accumulation prevented early hydrogen peroxide accumulation in infected rice leaf sheaths.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- leaf sheathse0
- Interactor
- M. oryzaePyricularia oryzaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2 accumulatione0
- Direction
- preventse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pi accumulation in leaf sheaths prevents H 2 O 2 accumulation early during M. oryzae infection”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
RBOH activation was weaker during infection of phosphate accumulating rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- RBOHse0
- Outcome
- activation of Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologs ( RBOHs ) genese0
- Direction
- weakere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“weaker activation of Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologs ( RBOHs ) genes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Defense gene activation was weaker during infection of phosphate accumulating rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- activation of defense-related genese0
- Direction
- weakere0
- Qualifier
- over-accumulating phosphatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a weaker activation of defense-related genes occurs during infection in rice plants over-accumulating phosphate”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute higher fungal colonization in phosphate accumulating rice to induced effectors and repressed host immunity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- M. oryzaePyricularia oryzaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- higher colonization by M. oryzaee0
- Qualifier
- Phosphate-mediated stimulation of fungal effector genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phosphate-mediated stimulation of fungal effector genes (e.g., potentiation of fungal pathogenicity) in combination with repression of pathogen-inducible immune responses (e.g., ROS accumulation, defense gene expression) explains higher colonization by M. oryzae in rice tissues accumulating phosphate”
The same questions in other papers
fertilization · Pyricularia oryzae · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
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See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.