Abstract
Overuse of nitrogenous fertilizers and low productivity of cropping systems produce the lowest nitrogen use efficiencies (NUE) in Pakistan. The surplus nitrogen (N) causes environmental degradation and reduces farm profitability. There is a lack of consideration of NUE while setting yield targets and nitrogen fertilization rates. The NUE is an essential indicator for sustainable crop production. The NUE can be improved with optimum nitrogen application without compromising crop yields. To find out an optimum nitrogen level for high NUE in wheat under agro-climatic conditions of Multan, an RCBD experiment comprising six nitrogen fertilizer doses (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 kg ha-1) was conducted during 2017-18 and 2018-19. Increasing levels of N increased the growth and yield attributes, while the maximum cost-benefit ratio was recorded at 150 kg N ha-1. Higher N doses (200 and 250 kg N ha-1) increased the biological yield but did not translate into grain yield, reducing the harvest index and cost-benefit ratio. Several N use efficiency indices were established, showing that 100 kg N ha-1 recorded the maximum nitrogen use efficiency. Partial factor productivity, internal efficiency, and physiological efficiency were maximum at a lower dose (50 kg N ha-1). In contrast, agronomic efficiency, partial nitrogen balance, recovery efficiency, and NUE were maximum at 100 kg N ha-1. Higher N doses (150-250 kg N ha-1) reduced all the N use efficiency indices. It is concluded that with a yield objective of about 5 t ha-1 under the agro-climatic conditions of Multan, a nitrogen application of 100-150 kg N ha-1 will be the most economical and will produce the maximum nitrogen use efficiency for wheat
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen levels increased wheat growth and yield attributes.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Increasing levels of Ne0
- Outcome
- growth and yield attributese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing levels of N increased the growth and yield attributes”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum cost-benefit ratio occurred at 150 kg N ha-1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 150 kg N ha-1e0
- Outcome
- cost-benefit ratioe0
- Direction
- maximume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the maximum cost-benefit ratio was recorded at 150 kg N ha-1”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen doses of 200 and 250 kg N ha-1 increased biological yield but not grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Higher N doses (200 and 250 kg N ha-1)e0
- Outcome
- biological yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher N doses (200 and 250 kg N ha-1) increased the biological yield but did not translate into grain yield”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen doses reduced wheat harvest index and cost-benefit ratio.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Higher N doses (200 and 250 kg N ha-1)e0
- Outcome
- harvest index and cost-benefit ratioe0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher N doses (200 and 250 kg N ha-1) increased the biological yield but did not translate into grain yield, reducing the harvest index and cost-benefit ratio.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen use efficiency was maximal at 100 kg N ha-1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 100 kg N ha-1e0
- Outcome
- nitrogen use efficiencye0
- Direction
- maximume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“100 kg N ha-1 recorded the maximum nitrogen use efficiency”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Partial factor productivity, internal efficiency and physiological efficiency were maximal at 50 kg N ha-1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 50 kg N ha-1e0
- Outcome
- Partial factor productivity, internal efficiency, and physiological efficiencye0
- Direction
- maximume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Partial factor productivity, internal efficiency, and physiological efficiency were maximum at a lower dose (50 kg N ha-1)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Agronomic efficiency, partial nitrogen balance, recovery efficiency and NUE were maximal at 100 kg N ha-1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 100 kg N ha-1e0
- Outcome
- agronomic efficiency, partial nitrogen balance, recovery efficiency, and NUEe0
- Direction
- maximume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“agronomic efficiency, partial nitrogen balance, recovery efficiency, and NUE were maximum at 100 kg N ha-1”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen doses of 150–250 kg N ha-1 reduced all nitrogen use efficiency indices.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Higher N doses (150-250 kg N ha-1)e0
- Outcome
- N use efficiency indicese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher N doses (150-250 kg N ha-1) reduced all the N use efficiency indices.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
For a wheat yield target of about 5 t ha-1 in Multan, 100-150 kg N ha-1 is recommended as the most economical rate with maximum NUE.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 100-150 kg N ha-1e0
- Outcome
- most economical and will produce the maximum nitrogen use efficiencye0
- Qualifier
- yield objective of about 5 t ha-1e0
- Setting
- Multane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with a yield objective of about 5 t ha-1 under the agro-climatic conditions of Multan, a nitrogen application of 100-150 kg N ha-1 will be the most economical and will produce the maximum nitrogen use efficiency for wheat”
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