Abstract
Salinity in soil and irrigation water has negative effects on plant morphology, physiology, and biochemical processes.In this study, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of two plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens on sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) growing under salinity stress: 0 (control, without NaCl), 50, and 100 mM NaCl.Increasing salinity significantly decreased plant height, root length, aboveground and root biomass, and photosynthetic pigment content.However, bacterial inoculation reduced the negative effects of salinity.Both antioxidant enzyme activity and antioxidant metabolites were affected by salinity and PGPR inoculation.The activity of catalase was the highest in P. fluorescens-inoculated plants at 100 mM NaCl (0.084 U g -1 FW).The highest activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was observed in B. subtilis-inoculated plants at 100 mM NaCl (2.83 and 0.61 U g -1 FW, respectively), and the highest percentage of essential oils (EOs) was found in plants inoculated with B. subtilis under 50 mM NaCl (0.87%).The results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed the main constituents of the basil EOs in all treatments were oxygen-containing monoterpenes.The highest content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) (as indicators of stress conditions) was related to non-inoculated plants at 100 mM NaCl (2.675 nmol g -1 FW and 0.8525 µg g -1 FW, respectively).The highest level of nitrate reductase activity was observed under non-saline conditions and in B. subtilis-inoculated plants: 4.33 µmol NO 2 h -1 g -1 FW.Increasing salinity significantly decreased glutamine synthetase (GS) activity and total protein content in leaves.According to the main effect of inoculation, the highest glutamine synthetase activity and protein content was found in P. fluorescens-inoculated plants: 6.065 µmol GHA µg -1 protein h -1 and 31.77mg g -1 FW.The highest concentration of proline was found at 100 mM NaCl along with P. fluorescens inoculation (6.27 µg g -1 FW).These results indicate a positive effect of PGPR on plant salt stress and physiology.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity decreased plant height and root length of sweet basil compared with the control.
- Taxon
- sweet basil
Ocimum basilicume0 - Treatment
- Increasing salinitye1
- Outcome
- plant height, root lengthe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) growing under salinity stress: 0 (control, without NaCl), 50, and 100 mM NaCl”
e1“Increasing salinity significantly decreased plant height, root length, aboveground and root biomass, and photosynthetic pigment content”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity decreased aboveground and root biomass of sweet basil compared with the control.
- Taxon
- sweet basilOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- Increasing salinitye1
- Outcome
- aboveground and root biomasse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) growing under salinity stress: 0 (control, without NaCl), 50, and 100 mM NaCl”
e1“Increasing salinity significantly decreased plant height, root length, aboveground and root biomass, and photosynthetic pigment content”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity decreased photosynthetic pigment content of sweet basil compared with the control.
- Taxon
- sweet basilOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- Increasing salinitye1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigment contente1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) growing under salinity stress: 0 (control, without NaCl), 50, and 100 mM NaCl”
e1“Increasing salinity significantly decreased plant height, root length, aboveground and root biomass, and photosynthetic pigment content”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial inoculation reduced the negative effects of salinity on sweet basil.
- Taxon
- sweet basilOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- bacterial inoculatione2
- Outcome
- negative effects of salinitye2
- Direction
- reducede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) growing under salinity stress: 0 (control, without NaCl), 50, and 100 mM NaCl”
e2“bacterial inoculation reduced the negative effects of salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas fluorescens inoculation gave the highest catalase activity, 0.084 U g -1 FW, at 100 mM NaCl.
- Taxon
- sweet basilOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- P. fluorescense3
- Interactor
- P. fluorescens
.JPG?width=60)
Pseudomonas fluorescense3symbiont - Outcome
- activity of catalasee3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Value
- 0.084 U g -1 FWe3
- Qualifier
- 100 mM NaCle3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.JPG?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) growing under salinity stress: 0 (control, without NaCl), 50, and 100 mM NaCl”
e3“The activity of catalase was the highest in P. fluorescens-inoculated plants at 100 mM NaCl (0.084 U g -1 FW)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus subtilis inoculation gave the highest superoxide dismutase activity, 2.83, at 100 mM NaCl.
- Taxon
- sweet basilOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- B. subtilise4
- Interactor
- B. subtilis
Bacillus subtilise4symbiont - Outcome
- activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD)e4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Value
- 2.83e4
- Qualifier
- 100 mM NaCle4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) growing under salinity stress: 0 (control, without NaCl), 50, and 100 mM NaCl”
e4“The highest activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was observed in B. subtilis-inoculated plants at 100 mM NaCl (2.83 and 0.61 U g -1 FW, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus subtilis inoculation gave the highest ascorbate peroxidase activity, 0.61, at 100 mM NaCl.
- Taxon
- sweet basilOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- B. subtilise4
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise4symbiont
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX)e4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Value
- 0.61e4
- Qualifier
- 100 mM NaCle4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) growing under salinity stress: 0 (control, without NaCl), 50, and 100 mM NaCl”
e4“The highest activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was observed in B. subtilis-inoculated plants at 100 mM NaCl (2.83 and 0.61 U g -1 FW, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus subtilis inoculation under 50 mM NaCl gave the highest essential oil percentage, 0.87%.
- Taxon
- sweet basilOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- B. subtilise5
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise5symbiont
- Outcome
- percentage of essential oils (EOs)e5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Value
- 0.87%e5
- Qualifier
- 50 mM NaCle5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) growing under salinity stress: 0 (control, without NaCl), 50, and 100 mM NaCl”
e5“the highest percentage of essential oils (EOs) was found in plants inoculated with B. subtilis under 50 mM NaCl (0.87%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The main constituents of the basil essential oils in all treatments were oxygen-containing monoterpenes.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume6
- Outcome
- main constituents of the basil EOse6
- Value
- oxygen-containing monoterpenese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed the main constituents of the basil EOs in all treatments were oxygen-containing monoterpenes”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-inoculated sweet basil at 100 mM NaCl had the highest malondialdehyde content, 2.675 nmol g -1 FW.
- Taxon
- sweet basilOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- 100 mM NaCle7
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA)e7
- Direction
- higheste7
- Value
- 2.675 nmol g -1 FWe7
- Comparator
- non-inoculated plantse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) growing under salinity stress: 0 (control, without NaCl), 50, and 100 mM NaCl”
e7“The highest content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) (as indicators of stress conditions) was related to non-inoculated plants at 100 mM NaCl (2.675 nmol g -1 FW and 0.8525 µg g -1 FW, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-inoculated sweet basil at 100 mM NaCl had the highest hydrogen peroxide content, 0.8525 µg g -1 FW.
- Taxon
- sweet basilOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- 100 mM NaCle7
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )e7
- Direction
- higheste7
- Value
- 0.8525 µg g -1 FWe7
- Comparator
- non-inoculated plantse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) growing under salinity stress: 0 (control, without NaCl), 50, and 100 mM NaCl”
e7“The highest content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) (as indicators of stress conditions) was related to non-inoculated plants at 100 mM NaCl (2.675 nmol g -1 FW and 0.8525 µg g -1 FW, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus subtilis inoculation under non-saline conditions gave the highest nitrate reductase activity, 4.33 µmol NO 2 h -1 g -1 FW.
- Taxon
- sweet basilOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- B. subtilise6
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise6symbiont
- Outcome
- nitrate reductase activitye6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 4.33 µmol NO 2 h -1 g -1 FWe6
- Comparator
- non-saline conditionse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) growing under salinity stress: 0 (control, without NaCl), 50, and 100 mM NaCl”
e6“The highest level of nitrate reductase activity was observed under non-saline conditions and in B. subtilis-inoculated plants: 4.33 µmol NO 2 h -1 g -1 FW”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity decreased glutamine synthetase activity and total protein content in sweet basil leaves.
- Taxon
- sweet basilOcimum basilicume0
- Organ / stage
- leavese7
- Treatment
- Increasing salinitye7
- Outcome
- glutamine synthetase (GS) activity and total protein contente7
- Direction
- decreasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) growing under salinity stress: 0 (control, without NaCl), 50, and 100 mM NaCl”
e7“Increasing salinity significantly decreased glutamine synthetase (GS) activity and total protein content in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas fluorescens inoculation gave the highest glutamine synthetase activity, 6.065 µmol GHA µg -1 protein h -1.
- Taxon
- sweet basilOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- P. fluorescense6
- Interactor
- P. fluorescensPseudomonas fluorescense6symbiont
- Outcome
- glutamine synthetase activitye6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 6.065 µmol GHA µg -1 protein h -1e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) growing under salinity stress: 0 (control, without NaCl), 50, and 100 mM NaCl”
e6“the highest glutamine synthetase activity and protein content was found in P. fluorescens-inoculated plants: 6.065 µmol GHA µg -1 protein h -1 and 31.77mg g -1 FW”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas fluorescens inoculation gave the highest protein content, 31.77 mg g -1 FW.
- Taxon
- sweet basilOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- P. fluorescense6
- Interactor
- P. fluorescensPseudomonas fluorescense6symbiont
- Outcome
- protein contente6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 31.77mg g -1 FWe6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) growing under salinity stress: 0 (control, without NaCl), 50, and 100 mM NaCl”
e6“the highest glutamine synthetase activity and protein content was found in P. fluorescens-inoculated plants: 6.065 µmol GHA µg -1 protein h -1 and 31.77mg g -1 FW”
Claim · model-written summary
P. fluorescens inoculation at 100 mM NaCl gave the highest proline concentration, 6.27 µg g -1 FW.
- Taxon
- sweet basilOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- P. fluorescens inoculatione6
- Interactor
- P. fluorescensPseudomonas fluorescense6symbiont
- Outcome
- concentration of prolinee6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 6.27 µg g -1 FWe6
- Qualifier
- 100 mM NaCle6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) growing under salinity stress: 0 (control, without NaCl), 50, and 100 mM NaCl”
e6“The highest concentration of proline was found at 100 mM NaCl along with P. fluorescens inoculation (6.27 µg g -1 FW)”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.