Abstract
Phosphorus (P) deficiency alters the root morphological and physiological traits of plants. This study investigates how soybean cultivars with varying low-P tolerance values respond to different P levels in hydroponic culture by assessing alterations in root length, acid phosphatase activity, organic acid exudation, and metabolites in root exudates. Three low-P-tolerant cultivars ('Maetsue,' 'Kurotome,' and 'Fukuyutaka') and three low-P-sensitive cultivars ('Ihhon,' 'Chizuka,' and 'Komuta') were grown under 0 (P0) and 258 μM P (P8) for 7 and 14 days after transplantation (DAT). Low-P-tolerant cultivars increased root length by 31% and 119%, which was lower than the 62% and 144% increases in sensitive cultivars under P0 compared to P8 at 7 and 14 DAT, respectively. Acid phosphatase activity in low-P-tolerant cultivars exceeded that in sensitive cultivars by 5.2-fold and 2.0-fold at 7 and 14 DAT. Root exudates from each cultivar revealed 177 metabolites, with higher organic acid exudation in low-P-tolerant than sensitive cultivars under P0. Low-P-tolerant cultivars increased concentrations of specific metabolites (oxalate, GABA, quinate, citrate, AMP, 4-pyridoxate, and CMP), distinguishing them from low-P-sensitive cultivars under P0. The top five metabolomic pathways (purine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, TCA cycle, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism) were more pronounced in low-P-tolerant cultivars at 14 DAT. These findings indicate that increasing root length was not an adaptation strategy under P deficiency; instead, tolerant cultivars exhibit enhanced root physiological traits, including increased acid phosphatase activity, organic acid exudation, specific metabolite release, and accelerated metabolic pathways under P deficiency.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Low-P-tolerant soybean cultivars increased root length by 31% at 7 DAT under P0 compared with P8.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Material
- 'Maetsue,' 'Kurotome,' and 'Fukuyutaka'e1
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- P0e0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 31%e0
- Comparator
- P8e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Low-P-tolerant cultivars increased root length by 31% and 119%, which was lower than the 62% and 144% increases in sensitive cultivars under P0 compared to P8 at 7 and 14 DAT, respectively”
e1“Three low-P-tolerant cultivars ('Maetsue,' 'Kurotome,' and 'Fukuyutaka')”
t0“Phosphorus deficiency alters root length, acid phosphatase activity, organic acids, and metabolites in root exudates of soybean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-P-tolerant soybean cultivars increased root length by 119% at 14 DAT under P0 compared with P8.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- 'Maetsue,' 'Kurotome,' and 'Fukuyutaka'e1
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- P0e0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 119%e0
- Comparator
- P8e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Low-P-tolerant cultivars increased root length by 31% and 119%, which was lower than the 62% and 144% increases in sensitive cultivars under P0 compared to P8 at 7 and 14 DAT, respectively”
e1“Three low-P-tolerant cultivars ('Maetsue,' 'Kurotome,' and 'Fukuyutaka')”
t0“Phosphorus deficiency alters root length, acid phosphatase activity, organic acids, and metabolites in root exudates of soybean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-P-sensitive soybean cultivars increased root length by 62% at 7 DAT under P0 compared with P8.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- 'Ihhon,' 'Chizuka,' and 'Komuta'e2
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- P0e0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 62%e0
- Comparator
- P8e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Low-P-tolerant cultivars increased root length by 31% and 119%, which was lower than the 62% and 144% increases in sensitive cultivars under P0 compared to P8 at 7 and 14 DAT, respectively”
e2“three low-P-sensitive cultivars ('Ihhon,' 'Chizuka,' and 'Komuta')”
t0“Phosphorus deficiency alters root length, acid phosphatase activity, organic acids, and metabolites in root exudates of soybean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-P-sensitive soybean cultivars increased root length by 144% at 14 DAT under P0 compared with P8.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- 'Ihhon,' 'Chizuka,' and 'Komuta'e2
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- P0e0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 144%e0
- Comparator
- P8e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Low-P-tolerant cultivars increased root length by 31% and 119%, which was lower than the 62% and 144% increases in sensitive cultivars under P0 compared to P8 at 7 and 14 DAT, respectively”
e2“three low-P-sensitive cultivars ('Ihhon,' 'Chizuka,' and 'Komuta')”
t0“Phosphorus deficiency alters root length, acid phosphatase activity, organic acids, and metabolites in root exudates of soybean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid phosphatase activity in low-P-tolerant soybean cultivars exceeded that in sensitive cultivars by 5.2-fold at 7 DAT.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- P0e4
- Outcome
- Acid phosphatase activitye3
- Direction
- exceedede3
- Value
- 5.2-folde3
- Comparator
- sensitive cultivarse3
- Setting
- hydroponic culturee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Acid phosphatase activity in low-P-tolerant cultivars exceeded that in sensitive cultivars by 5.2-fold and 2.0-fold at 7 and 14 DAT”
e4“were grown under 0 (P0) and 258 μM P (P8) for 7 and 14 days after transplantation (DAT)”
e5“respond to different P levels in hydroponic culture”
t0“Phosphorus deficiency alters root length, acid phosphatase activity, organic acids, and metabolites in root exudates of soybean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid phosphatase activity in low-P-tolerant soybean cultivars exceeded that in sensitive cultivars by 2.0-fold at 14 DAT.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- P0e4
- Outcome
- Acid phosphatase activitye3
- Direction
- exceedede3
- Value
- 2.0-folde3
- Comparator
- sensitive cultivarse3
- Setting
- hydroponic culturee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Acid phosphatase activity in low-P-tolerant cultivars exceeded that in sensitive cultivars by 5.2-fold and 2.0-fold at 7 and 14 DAT”
e4“were grown under 0 (P0) and 258 μM P (P8) for 7 and 14 days after transplantation (DAT)”
e5“respond to different P levels in hydroponic culture”
t0“Phosphorus deficiency alters root length, acid phosphatase activity, organic acids, and metabolites in root exudates of soybean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Root exudates of the soybean cultivars revealed 177 metabolites.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- metabolitese6
- Value
- 177e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Root exudates from each cultivar revealed 177 metabolites”
t0“Phosphorus deficiency alters root length, acid phosphatase activity, organic acids, and metabolites in root exudates of soybean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Under P0, low-P-tolerant soybean cultivars showed higher organic acid exudation than sensitive cultivars.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- P0e7
- Outcome
- organic acid exudatione7
- Direction
- highere7
- Comparator
- sensitive cultivarse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“with higher organic acid exudation in low-P-tolerant than sensitive cultivars under P0”
t0“Phosphorus deficiency alters root length, acid phosphatase activity, organic acids, and metabolites in root exudates of soybean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Under P0, low-P-tolerant soybean cultivars increased oxalate, GABA and quinate relative to low-P-sensitive cultivars.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- P0e7
- Outcome
- oxalate, GABA, quinatee7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Comparator
- low-P-sensitive cultivarse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Low-P-tolerant cultivars increased concentrations of specific metabolites (oxalate, GABA, quinate, citrate, AMP, 4-pyridoxate, and CMP), distinguishing them from low-P-sensitive cultivars under P0”
t0“Phosphorus deficiency alters root length, acid phosphatase activity, organic acids, and metabolites in root exudates of soybean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Under P0, low-P-tolerant soybean cultivars increased citrate, AMP and 4-pyridoxate relative to low-P-sensitive cultivars.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- P0e7
- Outcome
- citrate, AMP, 4-pyridoxatee7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Comparator
- low-P-sensitive cultivarse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Low-P-tolerant cultivars increased concentrations of specific metabolites (oxalate, GABA, quinate, citrate, AMP, 4-pyridoxate, and CMP), distinguishing them from low-P-sensitive cultivars under P0”
t0“Phosphorus deficiency alters root length, acid phosphatase activity, organic acids, and metabolites in root exudates of soybean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Under P0, low-P-tolerant soybean cultivars increased CMP relative to low-P-sensitive cultivars.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- P0e7
- Outcome
- CMPe7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Comparator
- low-P-sensitive cultivarse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Low-P-tolerant cultivars increased concentrations of specific metabolites (oxalate, GABA, quinate, citrate, AMP, 4-pyridoxate, and CMP), distinguishing them from low-P-sensitive cultivars under P0”
t0“Phosphorus deficiency alters root length, acid phosphatase activity, organic acids, and metabolites in root exudates of soybean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Purine, arginine and proline, and TCA cycle metabolism were more pronounced in low-P-tolerant soybean cultivars at 14 DAT.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Phosphorus deficiencyt0
- Outcome
- purine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, TCA cyclee6
- Direction
- more pronouncede6
- Qualifier
- at 14 DATe6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The top five metabolomic pathways (purine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, TCA cycle, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism) were more pronounced in low-P-tolerant cultivars at 14 DAT”
t0“Phosphorus deficiency alters root length, acid phosphatase activity, organic acids, and metabolites in root exudates of soybean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate, and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism were more pronounced in low-P-tolerant soybean cultivars at 14 DAT.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Phosphorus deficiencyt0
- Outcome
- glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolisme6
- Direction
- more pronouncede6
- Qualifier
- at 14 DATe6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The top five metabolomic pathways (purine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, TCA cycle, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism) were more pronounced in low-P-tolerant cultivars at 14 DAT”
t0“Phosphorus deficiency alters root length, acid phosphatase activity, organic acids, and metabolites in root exudates of soybean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing root length was not an adaptation strategy under P deficiency in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- adaptation strategye6
- Qualifier
- increasing root length was not an adaptation strategye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“These findings indicate that increasing root length was not an adaptation strategy under P deficiency”
t0“Phosphorus deficiency alters root length, acid phosphatase activity, organic acids, and metabolites in root exudates of soybean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Tolerant soybean cultivars show enhanced root physiological traits under P deficiency.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- under P deficiencye6
- Outcome
- root physiological traitse6
- Qualifier
- increased acid phosphatase activity, organic acid exudatione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“tolerant cultivars exhibit enhanced root physiological traits, including increased acid phosphatase activity, organic acid exudation, specific metabolite release, and accelerated metabolic pathways under P deficiency”
t0“Phosphorus deficiency alters root length, acid phosphatase activity, organic acids, and metabolites in root exudates of soybean cultivars”
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This paper is about lacking the nutrient, so it counts the other way round here.
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This paper is about lacking the nutrient, so it counts the other way round here.
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.