Abstract
Millions of smallholder farmers use airtight (hermetic) storage to preserve stored commodities. However, relying on biological agents (i.e., insects) to deplete residual oxygen in airtight containers can occasionally extend the process, potentially resulting in grain damage or nutrient loss. Current oxygen scavengers used to remove this residual oxygen are unavailable and unsuitable on smallholder farms in developing countries. We evaluated the effectiveness of germinating seeds for oxygen depletion. Treatments comprised 10, 20, and 30 germinating cowpea seeds in 2 L jars filled with infested cowpea grains. Insect mortality and grain quality were assessed after 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h. Progeny development was monitored for 49 days post-treatment. The results showed that all germinating seeds depleted oxygen to 5% or below within 48 h. Complete adult mortality was achieved after 72 h for both 20 and 30 germinating seeds and 120 h for 10 germinating seeds. As germinating seeds increased, egg counts decreased. No adults emerged post-treatment after insects were exposed for 96 and 120 h to hypoxia from 30 and 20 germinating seeds, respectively. However, 120 h insect exposure to hypoxia from 10 germinating seeds had negligible progeny development. Moisture content increased slightly in grains exposed to 30 germinating seeds. Germinating seeds are as effective as controlled atmospheres in accelerating insect deaths, but further research is needed for field application and their effects on stored product quality.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Germinating cowpea seeds depleted oxygen in airtight storage to 5% or below within 48 h.
- Taxon
- cowpea
Vigna unguiculatae0 - Treatment
- germinating seedse1
- Outcome
- oxygene1
- Direction
- depletede1
- Value
- 5% or belowe1
- Qualifier
- within 48 he1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments comprised 10, 20, and 30 germinating cowpea seeds”
e1“all germinating seeds depleted oxygen to 5% or below within 48 h”
Claim · model-written summary
Complete adult insect mortality was reached after 72 h with 20 germinating cowpea seeds.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- germinating seedse2
- Outcome
- Complete adult mortalitye2
- Qualifier
- after 72 h for both 20 and 30 germinating seedse2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments comprised 10, 20, and 30 germinating cowpea seeds”
e2“Complete adult mortality was achieved after 72 h for both 20 and 30 germinating seeds and 120 h for 10 germinating seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Complete adult insect mortality was reached after 72 h with 30 germinating cowpea seeds.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- germinating seedse2
- Outcome
- Complete adult mortalitye2
- Qualifier
- after 72 h for both 20 and 30 germinating seedse2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments comprised 10, 20, and 30 germinating cowpea seeds”
e2“Complete adult mortality was achieved after 72 h for both 20 and 30 germinating seeds and 120 h for 10 germinating seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Complete adult insect mortality was reached after 120 h with 10 germinating cowpea seeds.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- germinating seedse2
- Outcome
- Complete adult mortalitye2
- Qualifier
- 120 h for 10 germinating seedse2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments comprised 10, 20, and 30 germinating cowpea seeds”
e2“Complete adult mortality was achieved after 72 h for both 20 and 30 germinating seeds and 120 h for 10 germinating seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Egg counts decreased as the number of germinating cowpea seeds increased.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- germinating seedse3
- Outcome
- egg countse3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments comprised 10, 20, and 30 germinating cowpea seeds”
e3“As germinating seeds increased, egg counts decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
No adults emerged after 96 h of hypoxia from 30 germinating cowpea seeds.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- germinating seedse4
- Outcome
- No adults emerged post-treatmente4
- Qualifier
- exposed for 96 and 120 h to hypoxia from 30 and 20 germinating seeds, respectivelye4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments comprised 10, 20, and 30 germinating cowpea seeds”
e4“No adults emerged post-treatment after insects were exposed for 96 and 120 h to hypoxia from 30 and 20 germinating seeds, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
No adults emerged after 120 h of hypoxia from 20 germinating cowpea seeds.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- germinating seedse4
- Outcome
- No adults emerged post-treatmente4
- Qualifier
- exposed for 96 and 120 h to hypoxia from 30 and 20 germinating seeds, respectivelye4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments comprised 10, 20, and 30 germinating cowpea seeds”
e4“No adults emerged post-treatment after insects were exposed for 96 and 120 h to hypoxia from 30 and 20 germinating seeds, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Progeny development was negligible after 120 h of hypoxia from 10 germinating cowpea seeds.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- hypoxia from 10 germinating seedse5
- Outcome
- progeny developmente5
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede5
- Qualifier
- negligiblee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments comprised 10, 20, and 30 germinating cowpea seeds”
e5“120 h insect exposure to hypoxia from 10 germinating seeds had negligible progeny development”
Claim · model-written summary
Moisture content increased slightly in cowpea grains exposed to 30 germinating seeds.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Organ / stage
- grainse6
- Treatment
- 30 germinating seedse6
- Outcome
- Moisture contente6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Qualifier
- slightlye6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments comprised 10, 20, and 30 germinating cowpea seeds”
e6“Moisture content increased slightly in grains exposed to 30 germinating seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Germinating cowpea seeds were as effective as controlled atmospheres in accelerating insect deaths.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- Germinating seedse7
- Outcome
- accelerating insect deathse7
- Direction
- as effectivee7
- Comparator
- controlled atmospherese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments comprised 10, 20, and 30 germinating cowpea seeds”
e7“Germinating seeds are as effective as controlled atmospheres in accelerating insect deaths”
The same questions in other papers
stage · pest · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
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See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.