Abstract
The field experiment was conducted at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pattambi of Kerala Agricultural University with the objective to understand the effect of seed treatment using different organic leaf extracts on the growth and yield of cowpea. The experimental design was used for the layout of the design in Randomized Block Design, with three replications and nine treatments. The experiment was conducted with 9 treatments viz., the 5% leaf extracts of Calotropis (T1), Pappaya (T2), Pongamia (T3), Castor (T4), Moringa (T5), Vitex (T6), Neem (T7), Tulsi (T8), Control with distilled water (T9). Different field observations revealed that the seed hardening significantly influenced the seed yield and yield contributing characters of cowpea. The highest yield was recorded due to seed hardening treatment with Pongamia 5% leaf extract (T3) for 4 hrs followed by Calotropis 5% leaf extract (T1) for 4 hrs. All the seed hardening treatments had significant effects on yield contributing characters like plant height at maturity, number of branches(primary and secondary) per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod length, pod girth, pod weight, 100 seed weight, seed yield per plot(kg/ha) and dry matter production at harvest. The nodule count at flowering and total chlorophyll content at maturity were also found to be significantly different among the treatments. The seeds hardened with Pongamia leaf extract (5%) (T3) for 4 hrs recorded higher field emergence with maximum grain yield (716 Kg/ha), plant height at maturity (145.07 cm), number of primary branches per plant (3.60), seed yield per plant (g) (13.69 g), and seed yield (716 kg/ha) followed by Calotropis leaf extract (5%) (T1) for 4 hrs with a seed yield of 694 kg/ha.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Seed hardening with organic leaf extracts significantly influenced seed yield and yield-contributing characters of cowpea in a field experiment.
- Taxon
- cowpea
Vigna unguiculatae2 - Treatment
- seed hardeninge2
- Outcome
- seed yield and yield contributing characterse2
- Setting
- Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pattambie1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The field experiment was conducted at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pattambi of Kerala Agricultural University with the objective to understand the effect of seed treatment using different organic leaf extracts on the growth and yield of cowpea”
e2“the seed hardening significantly influenced the seed yield and yield contributing characters of cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed hardening with Pongamia 5% leaf extract for 4 hours gave the highest yield in cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae2
- Treatment
- seed hardening treatment with Pongamia 5% leaf extract (T3) for 4 hrse3
- Outcome
- yielde3
- Direction
- higheste3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the seed hardening significantly influenced the seed yield and yield contributing characters of cowpea”
e3“The highest yield was recorded due to seed hardening treatment with Pongamia 5% leaf extract (T3) for 4 hrs”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea seeds hardened with Pongamia leaf extract for 4 hours recorded higher field emergence.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae2
- Treatment
- Pongamia leaf extract (5%) (T3) for 4 hrse4
- Outcome
- field emergencee4
- Direction
- highere4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the seed hardening significantly influenced the seed yield and yield contributing characters of cowpea”
e4“The seeds hardened with Pongamia leaf extract (5%) (T3) for 4 hrs recorded higher field emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea seeds hardened with Pongamia leaf extract for 4 hours gave the maximum grain yield of 716 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae2
- Treatment
- Pongamia leaf extract (5%) (T3) for 4 hrse5
- Outcome
- grain yielde5
- Direction
- maximume5
- Value
- 716 Kg/hae5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the seed hardening significantly influenced the seed yield and yield contributing characters of cowpea”
e5“The seeds hardened with Pongamia leaf extract (5%) (T3) for 4 hrs recorded higher field emergence with maximum grain yield (716 Kg/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea seeds hardened with Pongamia leaf extract for 4 hours had a plant height at maturity of 145.07 cm.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae2
- Treatment
- Pongamia leaf extract (5%) (T3) for 4 hrse6
- Outcome
- plant height at maturitye6
- Value
- 145.07 cme6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the seed hardening significantly influenced the seed yield and yield contributing characters of cowpea”
e6“The seeds hardened with Pongamia leaf extract (5%) (T3) for 4 hrs recorded higher field emergence with maximum grain yield (716 Kg/ha), plant height at maturity (145.07 cm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea seeds hardened with Pongamia leaf extract for 4 hours had 3.60 primary branches per plant.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae2
- Treatment
- Pongamia leaf extract (5%) (T3) for 4 hrse7
- Outcome
- number of primary branches per plante7
- Value
- 3.60e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the seed hardening significantly influenced the seed yield and yield contributing characters of cowpea”
e7“The seeds hardened with Pongamia leaf extract (5%) (T3) for 4 hrs recorded higher field emergence with maximum grain yield (716 Kg/ha), plant height at maturity (145.07 cm), number of primary branches per plant (3.60)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea seeds hardened with Pongamia leaf extract for 4 hours had a seed yield of 13.69 g per plant.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae2
- Treatment
- Pongamia leaf extract (5%) (T3) for 4 hrse3
- Outcome
- seed yield per plant (g)e3
- Value
- 13.69 ge3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the seed hardening significantly influenced the seed yield and yield contributing characters of cowpea”
e3“The seeds hardened with Pongamia leaf extract (5%) (T3) for 4 hrs recorded higher field emergence with maximum grain yield (716 Kg/ha), plant height at maturity (145.07 cm), number of primary branches per plant (3.60), seed yield per plant (g) (13.69 g)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea seeds hardened with Calotropis leaf extract for 4 hours had a seed yield of 694 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae2
- Treatment
- Calotropis leaf extract (5%) (T1) for 4 hrse3
- Outcome
- seed yielde3
- Value
- 694 kg/hae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the seed hardening significantly influenced the seed yield and yield contributing characters of cowpea”
e3“followed by Calotropis leaf extract (5%) (T1) for 4 hrs with a seed yield of 694 kg/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed hardening had significant effects on plant height at maturity, number of branches per plant and number of clusters per plant in cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae2
- Treatment
- seed hardeninge3
- Outcome
- plant height at maturity, number of branches(primary and secondary) per plant, number of clusters per plante3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the seed hardening significantly influenced the seed yield and yield contributing characters of cowpea”
e3“All the seed hardening treatments had significant effects on yield contributing characters like plant height at maturity, number of branches(primary and secondary) per plant, number of clusters per plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed hardening had significant effects on number of seeds per pod, pod length and pod girth in cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae2
- Treatment
- seed hardeninge3
- Outcome
- number of seeds per pod, pod length, pod girthe4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the seed hardening significantly influenced the seed yield and yield contributing characters of cowpea”
e3“All the seed hardening treatments had significant effects on yield contributing characters like plant height at maturity, number of branches(primary and secondary) per plant, number of clusters per plant”
e4“number of seeds per pod, pod length, pod girth”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed hardening had significant effects on pod weight, 100 seed weight and seed yield per plot in cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae2
- Treatment
- seed hardeninge3
- Outcome
- pod weight, 100 seed weight, seed yield per plot(kg/ha)e4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the seed hardening significantly influenced the seed yield and yield contributing characters of cowpea”
e3“All the seed hardening treatments had significant effects on yield contributing characters like plant height at maturity, number of branches(primary and secondary) per plant, number of clusters per plant”
e4“pod weight, 100 seed weight, seed yield per plot(kg/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed hardening had a significant effect on dry matter production at harvest in cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae2
- Treatment
- seed hardeninge3
- Outcome
- dry matter production at harveste4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the seed hardening significantly influenced the seed yield and yield contributing characters of cowpea”
e3“All the seed hardening treatments had significant effects on yield contributing characters like plant height at maturity, number of branches(primary and secondary) per plant, number of clusters per plant”
e4“dry matter production at harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Nodule count at flowering and total chlorophyll content at maturity differed significantly among the seed hardening treatments in cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae2
- Treatment
- seed hardeninge2
- Outcome
- nodule count at flowering and total chlorophyll content at maturitye3
- Comparator
- among the treatmentse3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the seed hardening significantly influenced the seed yield and yield contributing characters of cowpea”
e3“The nodule count at flowering and total chlorophyll content at maturity were also found to be significantly different among the treatments”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.