Abstract
The chloroplast is a critical battleground in the arms race between plants and pathogens. Among microbe-secreted mycotoxins, the tenuazonic acid (TeA), produced by the genus Alternaria and other phytopathogenic fungi, inhibits photosynthesis, leading to a burst of photosynthetic singlet oxygen (1O2) implicated in damage and chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling. Despite the potent adversity of Alternaria pathogens on crop production, the molecular mechanism of TeA-caused pathogenicity and cognate plant defense responses remain fragmented. We now reveal that A. alternata induces necrotrophic foliar lesions by harnessing an EXECUTER1 (EX1)/EX2-mediated chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling (RS), activated by TeA toxin-derived photosynthetic 1O2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mutation of 1O2-sensitive EX1-W643 or complete deletion of the SOS (Singlet Oxygen Sensor) domain of EX1 compromises the expression of 1O2-responsive nuclear genes and foliar lesions. Remarkably, we further noticed that the TeA toxin rapidly induces nuclear genes implicated in jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis and signaling, for which EX1-mediated RS appeared to be critical in establishing a signaling cascade from 1O2 to JA. Our present study sheds new light on A. alternata-caused foliar pathogenicity, where EX1-dependent 1O2 signaling induces JA-dependent foliar cell death.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
A. alternata induced necrotrophic foliar lesions through EX1/EX2-mediated chloroplast retrograde signaling.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Interactor
- A. alternata
.jpg?width=60)
Alternaria alternatae0pathogen - Gene
- EXECUTER1 (EX1)/EX2e0
- Outcome
- necrotrophic foliar lesionse0
- Qualifier
- chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling (RS)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“A. alternata induces necrotrophic foliar lesions by harnessing an EXECUTER1 (EX1)/EX2-mediated chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling (RS), activated by TeA toxin-derived photosynthetic 1O2 in Arabidopsis thaliana.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mutation of EX1-W643 or deletion of the EX1 SOS domain compromised 1O2-responsive nuclear gene expression.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- Mutation of 1O2-sensitive EX1-W643 or complete deletion of the SOS (Singlet Oxygen Sensor) domain of EX1e0
- Gene
- EX1-W643e0
- Outcome
- expression of 1O2-responsive nuclear genese0
- Direction
- compromisese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mutation of 1O2-sensitive EX1-W643 or complete deletion of the SOS (Singlet Oxygen Sensor) domain of EX1 compromises the expression of 1O2-responsive nuclear genes and foliar lesions.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Mutation or SOS-domain deletion in EX1 compromised foliar lesions.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- Mutation of 1O2-sensitive EX1-W643 or complete deletion of the SOS (Singlet Oxygen Sensor) domain of EX1e0
- Gene
- EX1-W643e0
- Outcome
- foliar lesionse0
- Direction
- compromisese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mutation of 1O2-sensitive EX1-W643 or complete deletion of the SOS (Singlet Oxygen Sensor) domain of EX1 compromises the expression of 1O2-responsive nuclear genes and foliar lesions.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
TeA rapidly induced nuclear genes involved in jasmonic-acid synthesis and signaling.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- TeA toxine0
- Outcome
- nuclear genes implicated in jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis and signalinge0
- Direction
- inducese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the TeA toxin rapidly induces nuclear genes implicated in jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis and signaling”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
EX1-mediated signaling was critical for the signaling cascade from singlet oxygen to JA.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- EX1e0
- Outcome
- signaling cascade from 1O2 to JAe0
- Qualifier
- appeared to be criticale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EX1-mediated RS appeared to be critical in establishing a signaling cascade from 1O2 to JA”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
EX1-dependent singlet-oxygen signaling induced JA-dependent foliar cell death.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- EX1e0
- Outcome
- JA-dependent foliar cell deathe0
- Qualifier
- EX1-dependent 1O2 signalinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EX1-dependent 1O2 signaling induces JA-dependent foliar cell death”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
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