Abstract
Abstract Abstract. Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum) contributes to Nepalese rural livelihoods but suffers from low productivity due to various abiotic stresses including drought and heat. This study aimed to assess the physiological responses of Akabare chili landraces to heat and drought stress, individually and together, and to identify stress-tolerant genotypes in the early vegetative stage. Selected eight Akabare chili landraces and chili variety ‘Jwala’ were subjected to control (30/22 °C day/night) and heat stress (40/32 °C) conditions with irrigation, and drought stress (30/22 °C) and combined drought-heat stress conditions without irrigation for 7 days, followed by a 5-day recovery under control condition. Stress-tolerant landraces showed better performance compared to sensitive ones in terms of efficacy of PS II (Fv/Fm), transpiration rate (E), net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), leaf temperature depression, water use efficiency (WUE) and the ratio of stomata pore area to stomata area under stress conditions, resulting in improved biomass. Although all genotypes performed statistically similar under control conditions, their responses Fv/Fm, PN, E, gs and WUE were significantly reduced under thermal stress, further reduced under drought stress, and severely declined under the combination of both. Total biomass exhibited a 57.48 % reduction due to combined stress, followed by drought (37.8 %) and heat (21.4 %) compared to the control. Among the landraces, C44 showed the most significant gain in biomass (35 %), followed by DKT77 (33.48 %), while the lowest gain percentage was observed for C64C and PPR77 during the recovery phase (29 %). The tolerant landraces also showed a higher percentage of leaf cooling, chlorophyll content and leaf relative water content with fewer stomata but broader openings of pores. The study identifies potential stress-tolerant Akabare chili landraces and discusses the stress-tolerant physiological mechanisms to develop resilient crop varieties in changing climates.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Stress-tolerant landraces had better photosynthetic and water-use performance under stress than sensitive landraces.
- Taxon
- Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)
Capsicum annuume1 - Material
- Stress-tolerant landracese0
- Outcome
- efficacy of PS II (Fv/Fm), transpiration rate (E), net photosynthetic rate (PN)e0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Qualifier
- under stress conditionse0
- Comparator
- sensitive onese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stress-tolerant landraces showed better performance compared to sensitive ones in terms of efficacy of PS II (Fv/Fm), transpiration rate (E), net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), leaf temperature depression, water use efficiency (WUE) and the ratio of stomata pore area to stomata area under stress conditions, resulting in improved biomass.”
e1“Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Stress-tolerant landraces had better stomatal, cooling, and water-use traits under stress.
- Taxon
- Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)Capsicum annuume1
- Material
- Stress-tolerant landracese0
- Outcome
- leaf temperature depression, water use efficiency (WUE) and the ratio of stomata pore area to stomata areae0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- sensitive onese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stress-tolerant landraces showed better performance compared to sensitive ones in terms of efficacy of PS II (Fv/Fm), transpiration rate (E), net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), leaf temperature depression, water use efficiency (WUE) and the ratio of stomata pore area to stomata area under stress conditions, resulting in improved biomass.”
e1“Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Stress-tolerant landraces showed improved biomass under stress.
- Taxon
- Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)Capsicum annuume2
- Material
- Stress-tolerant landracese1
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under stress conditions, resulting in improved biomass.”
e1“Stress-tolerant landraces”
e2“Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotypes performed statistically similarly under control conditions.
- Taxon
- Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)Capsicum annuume1
- Outcome
- performed statistically similare0
- Qualifier
- under control conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all genotypes performed statistically similar under control conditions”
e1“Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Thermal stress significantly reduced Fv/Fm, PN, E, gs, and WUE.
- Taxon
- Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)Capsicum annuume1
- Treatment
- thermal stresse0
- Outcome
- Fv/Fm, PN, E, gs and WUEe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- control conditionse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“their responses Fv/Fm, PN, E, gs and WUE were significantly reduced under thermal stress”
e1“Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)”
e2“under control conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress further reduced Fv/Fm, PN, E, gs, and WUE.
- Taxon
- Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)Capsicum annuume1
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- Fv/Fm, PN, E, gs and WUEe0
- Direction
- further reducede0
- Comparator
- thermal stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“their responses Fv/Fm, PN, E, gs and WUE were significantly reduced under thermal stress, further reduced under drought stress”
e1“Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined heat and drought severely reduced Fv/Fm, PN, E, gs, and WUE.
- Taxon
- Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)Capsicum annuume1
- Treatment
- combination of bothe0
- Outcome
- Fv/Fm, PN, E, gs and WUEe0
- Direction
- severely declinede0
- Comparator
- control conditionse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“their responses Fv/Fm, PN, E, gs and WUE were significantly reduced under thermal stress, further reduced under drought stress, and severely declined under the combination of both.”
e1“Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)”
e2“under control conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress reduced total biomass by 57.48% versus control.
- Taxon
- Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)Capsicum annuume1
- Treatment
- combined stresse0
- Outcome
- Total biomasse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 57.48 %e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total biomass exhibited a 57.48 % reduction due to combined stress, followed by drought (37.8 %) and heat (21.4 %) compared to the control.”
e1“Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced total biomass by 37.8% versus control.
- Taxon
- Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)Capsicum annuume1
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- Total biomasse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 37.8 %e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total biomass exhibited a 57.48 % reduction due to combined stress, followed by drought (37.8 %) and heat (21.4 %) compared to the control.”
e1“Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat reduced total biomass by 21.4% versus control.
- Taxon
- Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)Capsicum annuume1
- Treatment
- heate0
- Outcome
- Total biomasse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 21.4 %e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total biomass exhibited a 57.48 % reduction due to combined stress, followed by drought (37.8 %) and heat (21.4 %) compared to the control.”
e1“Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)”
Claim · model-written summary
C44 gained 35% biomass in recovery.
- Taxon
- Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)Capsicum annuume1
- Material
- C44e0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- gaine0
- Value
- 35 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C44 showed the most significant gain in biomass (35 %)”
e1“Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)”
Claim · model-written summary
DKT77 gained 33.48% biomass in recovery.
- Taxon
- Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)Capsicum annuume2
- Material
- DKT77e0
- Outcome
- biomasse1
- Direction
- gaine1
- Value
- 33.48 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by DKT77 (33.48 %)”
e1“gain in biomass”
e2“Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)”
Claim · model-written summary
C64C and PPR77 had the lowest recovery-phase biomass gain, 29%.
- Taxon
- Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)Capsicum annuume1
- Material
- C64C and PPR77e0
- Outcome
- gain percentagee0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 29 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest gain percentage was observed for C64C and PPR77 during the recovery phase (29 %).”
e1“Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tolerant landraces had more leaf cooling, chlorophyll, and leaf water content.
- Taxon
- Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)Capsicum annuume1
- Material
- tolerant landracese0
- Outcome
- leaf cooling, chlorophyll content and leaf relative water contente0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The tolerant landraces also showed a higher percentage of leaf cooling, chlorophyll content and leaf relative water content with fewer stomata but broader openings of pores.”
e1“Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tolerant landraces had fewer stomata.
- Taxon
- Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)Capsicum annuume1
- Material
- tolerant landracese0
- Outcome
- stomatae0
- Direction
- fewere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The tolerant landraces also showed a higher percentage of leaf cooling, chlorophyll content and leaf relative water content with fewer stomata but broader openings of pores.”
e1“Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tolerant landraces had broader stomatal pore openings.
- Taxon
- Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)Capsicum annuume1
- Material
- tolerant landracese0
- Outcome
- openings of porese0
- Direction
- broadere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The tolerant landraces also showed a higher percentage of leaf cooling, chlorophyll content and leaf relative water content with fewer stomata but broader openings of pores.”
e1“Akabare chili (Capsicum annuum)”
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