Abstract
Iron (Fe) is one of the limiting micronutrients essential for crop productivity. The goal of our study was to evaluate the effects of different sources and rates of Fe fertilization on the marketable yield, physical and chemical properties, and phytochemical quality of fresh market tomatoes (Solanum Lycopersicum L., cv. Sunbrite). A factorial experiment under a drip-irrigated plasticulture system was conducted in a completely randomized design with two sources of Fe (nano vs. chelated) and four rates of application (0, 10, 20, and 40 mg/L) with four replications. Results indicated that relative chlorophyll concentration in the leaf (SPAD index) increased significantly (by 24 to 27%) with 10 and 20 mg/L of both nano- and chelated Fe fertilization compared to the control. Increasing Fe fertilization decreased the leaf SPAD readings. The total fruit yield of tomato was 1.6 to 1.8 times higher under the chelated- and nano Fe fertilization and the increase in yield was significantly higher under the chelated Fe fertilization, when compared to the control. In contrast, the tomato harvest index was highest under 10 and 20 mg/L of nano Fe than under other Fe treatments. While the chelated Fe fertilized tomatoes had significantly higher concentrations of vitamin C (34%), ß-carotene (6%), total carotene (25%), flavonoid (17%), and polyphenol (66%), the nano Fe, in contrast, increased ß-carotene, total carotene, and polyphenol concentrations by 25, 33, 51, and 7%, respectively, compared to the control. The 20 mg/L chelated Fe significantly increased the vitamin C, total carotene, flavonoid, polyphenol concentration, and antioxidant capacity more than any other Fe treatments. Based on the principal components analyses, vitamin C, lycopene, and anthocyanin were identified as the core indicators of the tomato nutrition quality index (NQIndex). The NQIndex ranged from 47 to 54, falling within the medium level of nutritional quality (40 to <70). In conclusion, the chelated Fe, when applied at 20 mg/L, was the most appropriate rate based on highly correlated connectivity for the phytochemicals syntheses associated with the improved tomato antioxidant capacity.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Nano iron at 10 and 20 mg/L significantly increased leaf SPAD by 24 to 27% versus control.
- Taxon
- tomatoes
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- nano-e0
- Outcome
- relative chlorophyll concentration in the leaf (SPAD index)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 24 to 27%e0
- Qualifier
- 10 and 20 mg/Le0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“relative chlorophyll concentration in the leaf (SPAD index) increased significantly (by 24 to 27%) with 10 and 20 mg/L of both nano- and chelated Fe fertilization compared to the control”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Chelated iron at 10 and 20 mg/L significantly increased leaf SPAD by 24 to 27% versus control.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- chelated Fe fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- relative chlorophyll concentration in the leaf (SPAD index)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 24 to 27%e0
- Qualifier
- 10 and 20 mg/Le0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“relative chlorophyll concentration in the leaf (SPAD index) increased significantly (by 24 to 27%) with 10 and 20 mg/L of both nano- and chelated Fe fertilization compared to the control”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing iron fertilization decreased leaf SPAD readings.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Increasing Fe fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- leaf SPAD readingse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing Fe fertilization decreased the leaf SPAD readings.”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Chelated iron increased fruit yield 1.6 to 1.8 times versus control, with a significantly greater yield increase.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- chelated Fe fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- total fruit yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.6 to 1.8 timese0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total fruit yield of tomato was 1.6 to 1.8 times higher under the chelated- and nano Fe fertilization and the increase in yield was significantly higher under the chelated Fe fertilization, when compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano iron increased fruit yield 1.6 to 1.8 times versus control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- nano Fe fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- total fruit yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.6 to 1.8 timese0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total fruit yield of tomato was 1.6 to 1.8 times higher under the chelated- and nano Fe fertilization and the increase in yield was significantly higher under the chelated Fe fertilization, when compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Harvest index was highest with 10 and 20 mg/L nano iron versus other treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- 10 and 20 mg/L of nano Fee0
- Outcome
- harvest indexe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- other Fe treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the tomato harvest index was highest under 10 and 20 mg/L of nano Fe than under other Fe treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Chelated iron increased vitamin C by 34%.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- chelated Fee0
- Outcome
- vitamin Ce0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 34%e0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the chelated Fe fertilized tomatoes had significantly higher concentrations of vitamin C (34%), ß-carotene (6%), total carotene (25%), flavonoid (17%), and polyphenol (66%)”
e1“respectively, compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chelated iron increased ß-carotene by 6%.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- chelated Fee0
- Outcome
- ß-carotenee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 6%e0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the chelated Fe fertilized tomatoes had significantly higher concentrations of vitamin C (34%), ß-carotene (6%), total carotene (25%), flavonoid (17%), and polyphenol (66%)”
e1“respectively, compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chelated iron increased total carotene by 25%.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- chelated Fee0
- Outcome
- total carotenee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 25%e0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the chelated Fe fertilized tomatoes had significantly higher concentrations of vitamin C (34%), ß-carotene (6%), total carotene (25%), flavonoid (17%), and polyphenol (66%)”
e1“respectively, compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chelated iron increased flavonoid by 17%.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- chelated Fee0
- Outcome
- flavonoide0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 17%e0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the chelated Fe fertilized tomatoes had significantly higher concentrations of vitamin C (34%), ß-carotene (6%), total carotene (25%), flavonoid (17%), and polyphenol (66%)”
e1“respectively, compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chelated iron increased polyphenol by 66%.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- chelated Fee0
- Outcome
- polyphenole0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 66%e0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the chelated Fe fertilized tomatoes had significantly higher concentrations of vitamin C (34%), ß-carotene (6%), total carotene (25%), flavonoid (17%), and polyphenol (66%)”
e1“respectively, compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano iron increased ß-carotene; the reported four percentages for three outcomes make the magnitude assignment ambiguous.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nano Fee0
- Outcome
- ß-carotenee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 25, 33, 51, and 7%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the nano Fe, in contrast, increased ß-carotene, total carotene, and polyphenol concentrations by 25, 33, 51, and 7%, respectively, compared to the control.”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano iron increased total carotene, with ambiguous magnitude assignment.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nano Fee0
- Outcome
- total carotenee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 25, 33, 51, and 7%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the nano Fe, in contrast, increased ß-carotene, total carotene, and polyphenol concentrations by 25, 33, 51, and 7%, respectively, compared to the control.”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano iron increased polyphenol, with ambiguous magnitude assignment.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nano Fee0
- Outcome
- polyphenol concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 25, 33, 51, and 7%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the nano Fe, in contrast, increased ß-carotene, total carotene, and polyphenol concentrations by 25, 33, 51, and 7%, respectively, compared to the control.”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
20 mg/L chelated iron significantly increased vitamin C, total carotene and flavonoid more than other treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 20 mg/L chelated Fee0
- Outcome
- vitamin C, total carotene, flavonoide0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- other Fe treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 20 mg/L chelated Fe significantly increased the vitamin C, total carotene, flavonoid, polyphenol concentration, and antioxidant capacity more than any other Fe treatments.”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
20 mg/L chelated iron significantly increased polyphenol concentration and antioxidant capacity more than other treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 20 mg/L chelated Fee0
- Outcome
- polyphenol concentration, and antioxidant capacitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- other Fe treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 20 mg/L chelated Fe significantly increased the vitamin C, total carotene, flavonoid, polyphenol concentration, and antioxidant capacity more than any other Fe treatments.”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Vitamin C, lycopene and anthocyanin were identified as core nutrition-quality indicators.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- vitamin C, lycopene, and anthocyanine0
- Qualifier
- core indicatorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vitamin C, lycopene, and anthocyanin were identified as the core indicators of the tomato nutrition quality index (NQIndex)”
Claim · model-written summary
NQIndex ranged from 47 to 54, indicating medium nutritional quality.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- NQIndexe0
- Value
- 47 to 54e0
- Qualifier
- medium level of nutritional quality (40 to <70)e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NQIndex ranged from 47 to 54, falling within the medium level of nutritional quality (40 to <70).”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend chelated iron at 20 mg/L for phytochemical synthesis and antioxidant capacity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- chelated Fe, when applied at 20 mg/Le0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the chelated Fe, when applied at 20 mg/L, was the most appropriate rate based on highly correlated connectivity for the phytochemicals syntheses associated with the improved tomato antioxidant capacity”
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