Abstract
The biochemical response and gene expression in different grapevine cultivars to water deficit are still not well understood. In this study, we investigated the performance of four traditional Croatian Vitis vinifera L. cultivars (‘Plavac mali crni’, ‘Istrian Malvasia’, ‘Graševina’, and ‘Tribidrag’), and one wild (Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris) genotype exposed to water deficit (WD) for nine days under semi-controlled conditions in the greenhouse. Sampling for biochemical and gene expression analyses was performed at days six and nine from the beginning of WD treatment. The WD affected the accumulation of metabolites with a significant increase in abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), and proline in the leaves of the stressed genotypes when the WD continued for nine days. Lipid peroxidation (MDA) was not significantly different from that of the control plants after six days of WD, whereas it was significantly lower (297.40 nmol/g dw) in the stressed plants after nine days. The cultivar ‘Istrian Malvasia’ responded rapidly to the WD and showed the highest and earliest increase in ABA levels (1.16 ng mg−1 dw, i.e., 3.4-fold increase compared to control). ‘Graševina’ differed significantly from the other genotypes in SA content at both time points analyzed (six and nine days, 47.26 and 49.63 ng mg−1 dw, respectively). Proline level increased significantly under WD (up to 5-fold at day nine), and proline variation was not genotype driven. The expression of aquaporin genes (TIP2;1 and PIP2;1) was down-regulated in all genotypes, coinciding with the accumulation of ABA. The gene NCED1 (9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase) related to ABA was up-regulated in all genotypes under stress conditions and served as a reliable marker of drought stress. This work suggests that the stress response in metabolite synthesis and accumulation is complex, treatment- and genotype-dependent.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Nine days of water deficit significantly increased leaf ABA.
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- WDe0
- Outcome
- abscisic acid (ABA)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- nine dayse0
VitisNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The WD affected the accumulation of metabolites with a significant increase in abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), and proline in the leaves of the stressed genotypes when the WD continued for nine days.”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Nine days of water deficit significantly increased leaf SA.
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- WDe0
- Outcome
- salicylic acid (SA)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- nine dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The WD affected the accumulation of metabolites with a significant increase in abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), and proline in the leaves of the stressed genotypes when the WD continued for nine days.”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Nine days of water deficit significantly increased leaf proline.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The WD affected the accumulation of metabolites with a significant increase in abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), and proline in the leaves of the stressed genotypes when the WD continued for nine days.”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Lipid peroxidation after six days of water deficit did not differ significantly from controls.
- Treatment
- WDe0
- Outcome
- Lipid peroxidation (MDA)e0
- Direction
- not significantly differente0
- Qualifier
- after six dayse0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lipid peroxidation (MDA) was not significantly different from that of the control plants after six days of WD”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Lipid peroxidation was significantly lower after nine days of water deficit, at 297.40 nmol/g dw.
- Treatment
- stressed plantse0
- Outcome
- ite0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 297.40 nmol/g dwe0
- Qualifier
- after nine dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it was significantly lower (297.40 nmol/g dw) in the stressed plants after nine days.”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Istrian Malvasia showed the earliest and highest ABA increase, 1.16 ng mg−1 dw or 3.4 fold versus control.
- Material
- Istrian Malvasiae0
- Treatment
- WDe0
- Outcome
- ABA levelse0
- Direction
- highest and earliest increasee0
- Value
- 1.16 ng mg−1 dwe0
- Qualifier
- 3.4-fold increasee0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cultivar ‘Istrian Malvasia’ responded rapidly to the WD and showed the highest and earliest increase in ABA levels (1.16 ng mg−1 dw, i.e., 3.4-fold increase compared to control).”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Graševina had distinct SA content at day six, 47.26 ng mg−1 dw.
- Material
- Graševinae0
- Outcome
- SA contente0
- Value
- 47.26 and 49.63 ng mg−1 dwe0
- Qualifier
- six and nine dayse0
- Comparator
- other genotypese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Graševina’ differed significantly from the other genotypes in SA content at both time points analyzed (six and nine days, 47.26 and 49.63 ng mg−1 dw, respectively).”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline increased up to five fold by day nine under water deficit.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Proline level increased significantly under WD (up to 5-fold at day nine), and proline variation was not genotype driven.”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline variation was not genotype driven.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“proline variation was not genotype driven.”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
TIP2;1 expression was down regulated across genotypes alongside ABA accumulation.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expression of aquaporin genes (TIP2;1 and PIP2;1) was down-regulated in all genotypes, coinciding with the accumulation of ABA.”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
PIP2;1 expression was down regulated across genotypes alongside ABA accumulation.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expression of aquaporin genes (TIP2;1 and PIP2;1) was down-regulated in all genotypes, coinciding with the accumulation of ABA.”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
NCED1 was up regulated in all genotypes under stress.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The gene NCED1 (9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase) related to ABA was up-regulated in all genotypes under stress conditions and served as a reliable marker of drought stress.”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
NCED1 served as a reliable marker of drought stress.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NCED1 (9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase) related to ABA was up-regulated in all genotypes under stress conditions and served as a reliable marker of drought stress.”
t0“Grapevine”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.