Abstract
Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON), is a predominant and devastating soil-borne disease that results in significant yield losses in watermelon cultivation. In this study, a strain MM isolated from the herbage rhizosphere soil, exhibited an inhibition rate of 65.46% against FON, leading to mycelial collapse, atrophy, and deformation. In pot experiments, strain MM effectively controlled Fusarium wilt of watermelon, showing a control efficacy of 74.07%. Through morphological observation and 16S rDNA gene sequencing, strain MM was identified as Serratia plymuthica. Additionally, S. plymuthica MM demonstrated antagonistic activity against eight plant pathogens, indicating that MM had broad-spectrum antifungal activity. The strain also exhibited the ability to synthesize siderophores and indole acetic acid (IAA), both of which are growth-promoting compounds. Moreover, strain MM secreted various extracellular enzymes, including protease, chitinase, β-glucanase, and cellulase. This ability allowed S. plymuthica MM to readily colonize watermelon roots and promote seedling growth. Inoculation with S. plymuthica MM increased the activity of PAL, POD, PPO, and CAT enzymes associated with watermelon defense. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis revealed up-regulation of LOX, POD, PAL, ClPR3, and C4H genes, which are related to plant disease resistance. The results indicated that S. plymuthica MM enhances watermelon plants’ resistance to FON by activating the JA, SA, and shikimic acid phenylpropanoid–lignin synthesis pathways. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of S. plymuthica MM culture supernatant identified piperazinedione, pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, and octadecenamide as the main antimicrobial substances. Overall, S. plymuthica MM shows promise as a biocontrol agent against Fusarium wilt of watermelon, suggesting its potential for the development of a new biocontrol agent.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Strain MM inhibited Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum by 65.46% in culture.
- Taxon
- Watermelon
Citrullus lanatust0 - Treatment
- strain MMe1
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveume0pathogen - Second interactor
- Serratia plymuthica
Serratia plymuthicae3biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- inhibition ratee1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 65.46%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fusarium Wilt in Watermelon”
e0“Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON)”
e1“a strain MM isolated from the herbage rhizosphere soil, exhibited an inhibition rate of 65.46% against FON”
e3“strain MM was identified as Serratia plymuthica”
Claim · model-written summary
Strain MM controlled Fusarium wilt of watermelon with 74.07% control efficacy in pot experiments.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse2
- Treatment
- strain MMe2
- Second interactor
- strain MMe2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- control efficacye2
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede2
- Value
- 74.07%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fusarium Wilt in Watermelon”
e2“strain MM effectively controlled Fusarium wilt of watermelon, showing a control efficacy of 74.07%”
Claim · model-written summary
Strain MM was identified as Serratia plymuthica by morphology and 16S rDNA sequencing.
- Taxon
- WatermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Interactor
- strain MMe3biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- identified as Serratia plymuthicae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fusarium Wilt in Watermelon”
e3“strain MM was identified as Serratia plymuthica”
Claim · model-written summary
Serratia plymuthica MM showed antagonistic activity against eight plant pathogens with broad-spectrum antifungal activity.
- Taxon
- WatermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Interactor
- plant pathogense4pathogen
- Second interactor
- S. plymuthica MMSerratia plymuthicae4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- antagonistic activitye4
- Qualifier
- broad-spectrum antifungal activitye4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fusarium Wilt in Watermelon”
e4“S. plymuthica MM demonstrated antagonistic activity against eight plant pathogens, indicating that MM had broad-spectrum antifungal activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Strain MM can synthesize siderophores and indole acetic acid.
- Taxon
- WatermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Outcome
- synthesize siderophores and indole acetic acid (IAA)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fusarium Wilt in Watermelon”
e5“The strain also exhibited the ability to synthesize siderophores and indole acetic acid (IAA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Strain MM secreted several extracellular enzymes, including protease, chitinase, β-glucanase and cellulase.
- Taxon
- WatermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Interactor
- strain MMe6biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- extracellular enzymese6
- Qualifier
- protease, chitinase, β-glucanase, and cellulasee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fusarium Wilt in Watermelon”
e6“strain MM secreted various extracellular enzymes, including protease, chitinase, β-glucanase, and cellulase”
Claim · model-written summary
Serratia plymuthica MM readily colonizes watermelon roots.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse7
- Interactor
- S. plymuthica MMSerratia plymuthicae7biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- colonize watermelon rootse7
- Qualifier
- readilye7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“This ability allowed S. plymuthica MM to readily colonize watermelon roots and promote seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Serratia plymuthica MM promoted watermelon seedling growth.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse7
- Treatment
- S. plymuthica MMe7
- Interactor
- S. plymuthica MMSerratia plymuthicae7biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- seedling growthe7
- Direction
- increaseinferrede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“This ability allowed S. plymuthica MM to readily colonize watermelon roots and promote seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with S. plymuthica MM increased the activity of PAL, POD, PPO and CAT enzymes in watermelon.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse6
- Treatment
- Inoculation with S. plymuthica MMe6
- Interactor
- S. plymuthica MMSerratia plymuthicae6biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- activity of PAL, POD, PPO, and CAT enzymese6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Inoculation with S. plymuthica MM increased the activity of PAL, POD, PPO, and CAT enzymes associated with watermelon defense”
Claim · model-written summary
Qualitative RT-PCR showed up-regulation of LOX, POD, PAL, ClPR3 and C4H genes in watermelon.
- Taxon
- WatermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Gene
- LOX, POD, PAL, ClPR3, and C4He6
- Outcome
- up-regulatione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fusarium Wilt in Watermelon”
e6“qRT-PCR analysis revealed up-regulation of LOX, POD, PAL, ClPR3, and C4H genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Strain MM enhances watermelon resistance to FON by activating the JA, SA and shikimic acid phenylpropanoid-lignin pathways.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse6
- Treatment
- S. plymuthica MMe6
- Interactor
- FONe6pathogen
- Outcome
- resistance to FONe6
- Qualifier
- activating the JA, SA, and shikimic acid phenylpropanoid–lignin synthesis pathwayse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“S. plymuthica MM enhances watermelon plants’ resistance to FON by activating the JA, SA, and shikimic acid phenylpropanoid–lignin synthesis pathways”
Claim · model-written summary
GC-MS identified piperazinedione, pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione and octadecenamide as the main antimicrobial substances of strain MM culture supernatant.
- Taxon
- WatermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Interactor
- S. plymuthica MMSerratia plymuthicae6biocontrol_agent
- Compound
- piperazinedione, pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, and octadecenamidee6
- Outcome
- main antimicrobial substancese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fusarium Wilt in Watermelon”
e6“analysis of S. plymuthica MM culture supernatant identified piperazinedione, pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, and octadecenamide as the main antimicrobial substances”
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