Abstract
Most short-term in vitro studies conducted in a single season and location have highlighted the suppressive effect of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on insect pests. However, little is known about AMF and EPF response to sugarcane-peanut intercropping and how sugarcane-peanut intercropping suppressive effects mitigate pathogenic fungi and promote crop productivity at different time points and locations. Here, we explored the response of AMF and EPF communities and functions to sugarcane-peanut intercropping and the roles sugarcane-peanut intercropping play in promoting crop growth and yield. We also evaluated sugarcane-peanut intercropping suppressive effects on pathogenic fungi and deciphered the association between fungi community structure and soil chemical properties. Sugarcane-peanut intercropping was conducted in two locations in July and November. Rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of the two locations were sampled and investigated using ITS high-throughput sequencing. We observed that sugarcane-peanut intercropping boosted the sugarcane diameter and peanut yield. Moreover, sugarcane-peanut intercropping promoted soil available potassium (AK) and available nitrogen (AN) in July, while soil AK, available phosphorus (AP), organic matter (OM), and potential hydrogen (pH) peaked in November, especially in the rhizosphere. The intercropping rhizosphere soils enriched EPF, including Clonostachys in July, followed by Beauveria and Arthrobotry in both July and November, especially in location B. Moreover, Metarhizium in the bulk soil of location A also responded strongly to sugarcane-peanut intercropping in November. Similarly, AMF such as Rhizophagus performed better in the intercropping rhizosphere soil in locations A and B, especially in July. We believed this phenomenon was crucial in suppressing pathogenic fungi, including Alternaria, Fusarium, and Exserohilum. Additionally, the enrichment of AMF and EPF also explains the increase in soil nutrients and crop productivity, which was reinforced by the patterns observed in fungi functional analysis, where fungi function associated with AMF and EPF detected in November outperformed those identified in July in both locations. Taken together, our findings provide inclusive empirical evidence of how sugarcane-peanut intercropping promoted AMF and EPF, which, in turn, suppressed the presence of pathogenic fungi, thereby promoting a favorable condition for the sugarcane-peanut growth and yield. Sugarcane-peanut intercropping system is a promising alternative to synthetic inputs that provides biological protection for plants against pathogenic fungi by promoting AMF and EPF in different sugarcane cropping seasons.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased sugarcane diameter.
- Taxon
- sugarcanee0
- Treatment
- sugarcane-peanut intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- sugarcane diametere0
- Direction
- boostede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“We observed that sugarcane-peanut intercropping boosted the sugarcane diameter and peanut yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased peanut yield.
- Taxon
- peanut
Arachis hypogaeae0 - Treatment
- sugarcane-peanut intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- peanut yielde0
- Direction
- boostede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We observed that sugarcane-peanut intercropping boosted the sugarcane diameter and peanut yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased soil available potassium and nitrogen in July.
- Taxon
- sugarcane-peanute0
- Treatment
- sugarcane-peanut intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- soil available potassium (AK) and available nitrogen (AN)e0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Qualifier
- in Julye0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“sugarcane-peanut intercropping promoted soil available potassium (AK) and available nitrogen (AN) in July”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil available potassium, phosphorus, organic matter and pH peaked in November, especially in the rhizosphere.
Verbatim
e0“soil AK, available phosphorus (AP), organic matter (OM), and potential hydrogen (pH) peaked in November, especially in the rhizosphere.”
t0“Sugarcane-peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping rhizosphere soil enriched Clonostachys in July.
- Taxon
- sugarcane-peanutt0
- Treatment
- intercroppinge0
- Interactor
- Clonostachys
Clonostachyse0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- Clonostachyse0
- Direction
- enrichede0
- Qualifier
- in Julye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The intercropping rhizosphere soils enriched EPF, including Clonostachys in July, followed by Beauveria and Arthrobotry in both July and November, especially in location B.”
t0“Sugarcane-peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping rhizosphere soil enriched Beauveria in July and November, especially at location B.
- Taxon
- sugarcane-peanutt0
- Treatment
- intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- Beauveriae0
- Direction
- enrichede0
- Qualifier
- in both July and Novembere0
BeauveriaNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The intercropping rhizosphere soils enriched EPF, including Clonostachys in July, followed by Beauveria and Arthrobotry in both July and November, especially in location B.”
t0“Sugarcane-peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping rhizosphere soil enriched Arthrobotry in July and November, especially at location B.
- Taxon
- sugarcane-peanutt0
- Treatment
- intercroppinge0
- Interactor
- Arthrobotrye0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Arthrobotrye0
- Direction
- enrichede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The intercropping rhizosphere soils enriched EPF, including Clonostachys in July, followed by Beauveria and Arthrobotry in both July and November, especially in location B.”
t0“Sugarcane-peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Metarhizium in bulk soil at location A responded strongly to intercropping in November.
- Taxon
- sugarcane-peanute0
- Treatment
- sugarcane-peanut intercroppinge0
- Interactor
- Metarhizium
Metarhiziume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- Metarhizium in the bulk soile0
- Setting
- location Ae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Metarhizium in the bulk soil of location A also responded strongly to sugarcane-peanut intercropping in November.”
t0“Sugarcane-peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizophagus performed better in intercropped rhizosphere soils at both locations, especially in July.
- Taxon
- sugarcane-peanutt0
- Treatment
- intercroppinge0
- Interactor
- Rhizophaguse0symbiont
- Outcome
- Rhizophaguse0
- Direction
- performed bettere0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“AMF such as Rhizophagus performed better in the intercropping rhizosphere soil in locations A and B, especially in July.”
t0“Sugarcane-peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpreted the fungal enrichment as suppressing pathogenic fungi.
- Taxon
- sugarcane-peanutt0
- Interactor
- Alternaria
Alternariae0pathogen - Outcome
- suppressing pathogenic fungie0
- Qualifier
- We believede0
FusariumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We believed this phenomenon was crucial in suppressing pathogenic fungi, including Alternaria, Fusarium, and Exserohilum.”
t0“Sugarcane-peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal functional patterns associated with AMF and EPF were stronger in November than July at both locations.
Verbatim
e0“fungi function associated with AMF and EPF detected in November outperformed those identified in July in both locations.”
t0“Sugarcane-peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose sugarcane-peanut intercropping as an alternative to synthetic inputs for biological protection.
Verbatim
e0“Sugarcane-peanut intercropping system is a promising alternative to synthetic inputs that provides biological protection for plants against pathogenic fungi by promoting AMF and EPF in different sugarcane cropping seasons.”
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