Abstract
Belowground interactions mediated by root exudates are critical for the productivity and efficiency of intercropping systems. Herein, we investigated the process of microbial community assembly in maize, peanuts, and shared rhizosphere soil as well as their regulatory mechanisms on root exudates under different planting patterns by combining metabolomic and metagenomic analyses. The results showed that the yield of intercropped maize increased significantly by 21.05% (2020) and 52.81% (2021), while the yield of intercropped peanut significantly decreased by 39.51% (2020) and 32.58% (2021). The nitrogen accumulation was significantly higher in the roots of the intercropped maize than in those of sole maize at 120 days after sowing, it increased by 129.16% (2020) and 151.93% (2021), respectively. The stems and leaves of intercropped peanut significantly decreased by 5.13 and 22.23% (2020) and 14.45 and 24.54% (2021), respectively. The root interaction had a significant effect on the content of ammonium nitrogen (NH 4 + -N) as well as the activities of urease (UE), nitrate reductase (NR), protease (Pro), and dehydrogenase (DHO) in the rhizosphere soil. A combined network analysis showed that the content of NH 4 + -N as well as the enzyme activities of UE, NR and Pro increased in the rhizosphere soil, resulting in cyanidin 3-sambubioside 5-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-(6-Op-coumaroyl) glucoside-5-O-glucoside; shisonin were significantly up-regulated in the shared soil of intercropped maize and peanut, reshaped the bacterial community composition, and increased the relative abundance of Bradyrhizobium . These results indicate that interspecific root interactions improved the soil microenvironment, regulated the absorption and utilization of nitrogen nutrients, and provided a theoretical basis for high yield and sustainable development in the intercropping of maize and peanut.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased maize yield by 21.05% in 2020.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the yield of intercropped maize increased significantly by 21.05% (2020) and 52.81% (2021)”
t0“Maize and peanut intercropping improves the nitrogen accumulation and yield per plant of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased maize yield by 52.81% in 2021.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the yield of intercropped maize increased significantly by 21.05% (2020) and 52.81% (2021)”
t0“Maize and peanut intercropping improves the nitrogen accumulation and yield per plant of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping decreased peanut yield by 39.51% in 2020.
- Taxon
- peanut
Arachis hypogaeae1 - Treatment
- intercroppingt0
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 39.51%e1
- Qualifier
- 2020e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the yield of intercropped peanut significantly decreased by 39.51% (2020) and 32.58% (2021)”
t0“Maize and peanut intercropping improves the nitrogen accumulation and yield per plant of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping decreased peanut yield by 32.58% in 2021.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae1
- Treatment
- intercroppingt0
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 32.58%e1
- Qualifier
- 2021e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the yield of intercropped peanut significantly decreased by 39.51% (2020) and 32.58% (2021)”
t0“Maize and peanut intercropping improves the nitrogen accumulation and yield per plant of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Root nitrogen accumulation of intercropped maize increased by 129.16% over sole maize at 120 days after sowing in 2020.
- Organ / stage
- rootse1
- Treatment
- intercroppingt0
- Outcome
- nitrogen accumulatione1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 129.16%e1
- Qualifier
- 120 days after sowinge1
- Comparator
- sole maizee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The nitrogen accumulation was significantly higher in the roots of the intercropped maize than in those of sole maize at 120 days after sowing, it increased by 129.16% (2020) and 151.93% (2021)”
t0“Maize and peanut intercropping improves the nitrogen accumulation and yield per plant of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Root nitrogen accumulation of intercropped maize increased by 151.93% over sole maize at 120 days after sowing in 2021.
- Organ / stage
- rootse1
- Treatment
- intercroppingt0
- Outcome
- nitrogen accumulatione1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 151.93%e1
- Qualifier
- 120 days after sowinge1
- Comparator
- sole maizee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The nitrogen accumulation was significantly higher in the roots of the intercropped maize than in those of sole maize at 120 days after sowing, it increased by 129.16% (2020) and 151.93% (2021)”
t0“Maize and peanut intercropping improves the nitrogen accumulation and yield per plant of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping decreased the stems and leaves of peanut by 5.13 and 22.23% in 2020.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae1
- Organ / stage
- stems and leavese1
- Treatment
- intercroppingt0
- Outcome
- stems and leavese1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 5.13 and 22.23%e1
- Qualifier
- 2020e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The stems and leaves of intercropped peanut significantly decreased by 5.13 and 22.23% (2020) and 14.45 and 24.54% (2021)”
t0“Maize and peanut intercropping improves the nitrogen accumulation and yield per plant of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping decreased the stems and leaves of peanut by 14.45 and 24.54% in 2021.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae1
- Organ / stage
- stems and leavese1
- Treatment
- intercroppingt0
- Outcome
- stems and leavese1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 14.45 and 24.54%e1
- Qualifier
- 2021e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The stems and leaves of intercropped peanut significantly decreased by 5.13 and 22.23% (2020) and 14.45 and 24.54% (2021)”
t0“Maize and peanut intercropping improves the nitrogen accumulation and yield per plant of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The root interaction had a significant effect on the content of ammonium nitrogen in rhizosphere soil.
- Organ / stage
- rhizosphere soile1
- Treatment
- root interactione1
- Outcome
- content of ammonium nitrogen (NH 4 + -N)e1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The root interaction had a significant effect on the content of ammonium nitrogen (NH 4 + -N) as well as the activities of urease (UE), nitrate reductase (NR), protease (Pro), and dehydrogenase (DHO) in the rhizosphere soil”
t0“Maize and peanut intercropping improves the nitrogen accumulation and yield per plant of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The root interaction had a significant effect on urease, nitrate reductase and protease activities in rhizosphere soil.
- Organ / stage
- rhizosphere soile1
- Treatment
- root interactione1
- Outcome
- activities of urease (UE), nitrate reductase (NR), protease (Pro)e1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The root interaction had a significant effect on the content of ammonium nitrogen (NH 4 + -N) as well as the activities of urease (UE), nitrate reductase (NR), protease (Pro), and dehydrogenase (DHO) in the rhizosphere soil”
t0“Maize and peanut intercropping improves the nitrogen accumulation and yield per plant of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The root interaction had a significant effect on dehydrogenase activity in rhizosphere soil.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The root interaction had a significant effect on the content of ammonium nitrogen (NH 4 + -N) as well as the activities of urease (UE), nitrate reductase (NR), protease (Pro), and dehydrogenase (DHO) in the rhizosphere soil”
t0“Maize and peanut intercropping improves the nitrogen accumulation and yield per plant of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Urease, nitrate reductase and protease activities increased in the rhizosphere soil of maize and peanut.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the content of NH 4 + -N as well as the enzyme activities of UE, NR and Pro increased in the rhizosphere soil”
t0“Maize and peanut intercropping improves the nitrogen accumulation and yield per plant of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The content of ammonium nitrogen increased in the rhizosphere soil of maize and peanut.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the content of NH 4 + -N as well as the enzyme activities of UE, NR and Pro increased in the rhizosphere soil”
t0“Maize and peanut intercropping improves the nitrogen accumulation and yield per plant of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Cyanidin 3-sambubioside 5-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-(6-Op-coumaroyl) glucoside-5-O-glucoside and shisonin were significantly up-regulated in the shared soil of intercropped maize and peanut.
- Organ / stage
- shared soile3
- Compound
- cyanidin 3-sambubioside 5-glucosidee3
- Outcome
- cyanidin 3-sambubioside 5-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-(6-Op-coumaroyl) glucoside-5-O-glucoside; shisonine3
- Direction
- up-regulatede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“cyanidin 3-sambubioside 5-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-(6-Op-coumaroyl) glucoside-5-O-glucoside; shisonin were significantly up-regulated in the shared soil of intercropped maize and peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased the relative abundance of Bradyrhizobium, which reshaped the bacterial community composition.
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium
Bradyrhizobiume4symbiont - Outcome
- relative abundance of Bradyrhizobiume4
- Direction
- increasede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“reshaped the bacterial community composition, and increased the relative abundance of Bradyrhizobium”
t0“Maize and peanut intercropping improves the nitrogen accumulation and yield per plant of maize”
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