Abstract
Apple replant disease (ARD) negatively affects plant growth and reduces yields in replanted orchards. In this study, biochar was applied to apple replant soil with Fusarium oxysporum. Our aim was to investigate whether biochar could promote plant growth and alleviate apple replant disease by reducing the growth of harmful soil microorganisms, changing soil microbial community structure and improving the soil environment. This experiment included five treatments: apple replant soil (CK), methyl bromide fumigation apple replant soil (FM), replant soil with biochar addition (2%), replant soil with F. oxysporum spore solution (8 × 107 spores · mL−1), and replant soil with biochar and F. oxysporum spore solution addition. Seedling biomass, the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the leaves and roots, and soil environmental variables were measured. Microbial community composition and community structure were analyzed using 16S rDNA and ITS2 gene sequencing. Biochar significantly reduced the abundance of F. oxysporum and increased soil microbial diversity and richness. Biochar also increased the soil enzyme activities (urease, invertase, neutral phosphatase, and catalase), the biomass (plant height, fresh weight, dry weight) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase). The root indexes of apple seedlings was also increased in replant soil by biochar. In sum, biochar promoted the growth of plants, improved the replant soil environment, and alleviated apple replant disease.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar significantly reduced the abundance of F. oxysporum in apple replant soil compared with soil inoculated with F. oxysporum
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- biochar addition (2%)e4
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume1pathogen - Outcome
- abundance of F. oxysporume1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- replant soil with F. oxysporum spore solutione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Apple replant disease (ARD) negatively affects plant growth and reduces yields in replanted orchards”
e1“Biochar significantly reduced the abundance of F. oxysporum and increased soil microbial diversity and richness”
e3“replant soil with F. oxysporum spore solution”
e4“replant soil with biochar addition (2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased soil microbial diversity and richness in apple replant soil
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Biochare1
- Outcome
- soil microbial diversity and richnesse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- apple replant soil (CK)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple replant disease (ARD) negatively affects plant growth and reduces yields in replanted orchards”
e1“Biochar significantly reduced the abundance of F. oxysporum and increased soil microbial diversity and richness”
e2“apple replant soil (CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased the soil enzyme activities of urease, invertase and neutral phosphatase in apple replant soil
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Biochare5
- Outcome
- urease, invertase, neutral phosphatasee5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Qualifier
- soil enzyme activitiese5
- Comparator
- apple replant soil (CK)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple replant disease (ARD) negatively affects plant growth and reduces yields in replanted orchards”
e5“Biochar also increased the soil enzyme activities (urease, invertase, neutral phosphatase, and catalase), the biomass (plant height, fresh weight, dry weight) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase)”
e2“apple replant soil (CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased soil catalase activity in apple replant soil
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Biochare5
- Outcome
- catalasee5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Qualifier
- soil enzyme activitiese5
- Comparator
- apple replant soil (CK)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple replant disease (ARD) negatively affects plant growth and reduces yields in replanted orchards”
e5“Biochar also increased the soil enzyme activities (urease, invertase, neutral phosphatase, and catalase), the biomass (plant height, fresh weight, dry weight) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase)”
e2“apple replant soil (CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased biomass (plant height, fresh weight, dry weight) of apple seedlings
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticae6
- Treatment
- Biochare5
- Outcome
- biomasse5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Qualifier
- plant height, fresh weight, dry weighte5
- Comparator
- apple replant soil (CK)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Biochar also increased the soil enzyme activities (urease, invertase, neutral phosphatase, and catalase), the biomass (plant height, fresh weight, dry weight) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase)”
e6“The root indexes of apple seedlings was also increased in replant soil by biochar”
e2“apple replant soil (CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase) in apple seedlings
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticae6
- Treatment
- Biochare5
- Outcome
- the activity of antioxidant enzymese5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Qualifier
- superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalasee5
- Comparator
- apple replant soil (CK)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Biochar also increased the soil enzyme activities (urease, invertase, neutral phosphatase, and catalase), the biomass (plant height, fresh weight, dry weight) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase)”
e6“The root indexes of apple seedlings was also increased in replant soil by biochar”
e2“apple replant soil (CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased the root indexes of apple seedlings in replant soil
- Taxon
- apple seedlingsMalus domesticae6
- Treatment
- by biochare6
- Outcome
- root indexese6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Comparator
- apple replant soil (CK)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The root indexes of apple seedlings was also increased in replant soil by biochar”
e2“apple replant soil (CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar alleviated apple replant disease in replant soil
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- biochare7
- Outcome
- apple replant diseasee7
- Direction
- alleviatede7
- Comparator
- apple replant soil (CK)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple replant disease (ARD) negatively affects plant growth and reduces yields in replanted orchards”
e7“In sum, biochar promoted the growth of plants, improved the replant soil environment, and alleviated apple replant disease”
e2“apple replant soil (CK)”
The same questions in other papers
biochar · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
biochar · soil: biology · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
biochar · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.