Abstract
The biosynthesis of auxin or indole-3-acetic acid by microorganisms has a major impact on plant–microbe interactions. Several beneficial microbiota are known to produce auxin, which largely influences root development and growth in the host plants. Akin to findings in rhizobacteria, recent studies have confirmed the production of auxin by plant growth-promoting fungi too. Here, we show that Penicillium citrinum isolate B9 produces auxin as deduced by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry analysis. Such fungal auxin is secreted and contributes directly to enhanced root and shoot development and overall plant growth in Arabidopsis thaliana . Furthermore, auxin production by P. citrinum likely involves more than one tryptophan-dependent pathway. Using auxin biosynthesis inhibitor L-Kynurenine, we show that the indole-3-pyruvate pathway might be one of the key biosynthetic routes involved in such auxin production. Confocal microscopy of the DR5rev:GFP Arabidopsis reporter line helped demonstrate that P. citrunum B9-derived auxin is biologically active and is able to significantly enhance auxin signaling in roots during such improved root growth and plant development. Furthermore, the phenotypic growth defects arising from impaired auxin signaling in Arabidopsis taa1 mutant or upon L-Kynurenine treatment of wild-type Arabidopsis seedlings could be significantly alleviated by fungus B9-derived auxin, thus suggesting its positive role in plant growth promotion. Collectively, our results provide clear evidence that the production of auxin is one of the main mechanisms involved in induction of the beneficial plant growth by P. citrinum.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Penicillium citrinum B9 produced auxin.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae1 - Interactor
- Penicillium citrinum isolate B9Penicillium citrinume0symbiont
- Outcome
- Penicillium citrinum isolate B9 produces auxine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Penicillium citrinum isolate B9 produces auxin”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Secreted fungal auxin enhanced Arabidopsis root and shoot development and overall growth.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Interactor
- Penicillium citrinum isolate B9Penicillium citrinume1symbiont
- Compound
- auxine0
- Outcome
- root and shoot development and overall plant growthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Such fungal auxin is secreted and contributes directly to enhanced root and shoot development and overall plant growth in Arabidopsis thaliana .”
e1“Penicillium citrinum isolate B9 produces auxin”
Claim · model-written summary
P. citrinum auxin production likely involved multiple tryptophan-dependent pathways.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Interactor
- P. citrinumPenicillium citrinume0symbiont
- Outcome
- auxin production by P. citrinume0
- Qualifier
- more than one tryptophan-dependent pathwaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“auxin production by P. citrinum likely involves more than one tryptophan-dependent pathway.”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The indole-3-pyruvate pathway may be a key fungal auxin biosynthetic route.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae2
- Interactor
- P. citrinumPenicillium citrinume1symbiont
- Outcome
- auxin productione0
- Qualifier
- indole-3-pyruvate pathwaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the indole-3-pyruvate pathway might be one of the key biosynthetic routes involved in such auxin production.”
e1“by P. citrinum likely”
e2“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal B9 auxin significantly enhanced auxin signaling in Arabidopsis roots.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Treatment
- P. citrunum B9-derived auxine0
- Interactor
- P. citrunum B9e0symbiont
- Outcome
- auxin signaling in rootse0
- Direction
- enhancee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. citrunum B9-derived auxin is biologically active and is able to significantly enhance auxin signaling in roots during such improved root growth and plant development.”
e1“Arabidopsis reporter line”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungus B9-derived auxin alleviated growth defects in the Arabidopsis taa1 mutant.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Material
- taa1 mutante0
- Treatment
- fungus B9-derived auxine0
- Interactor
- fungus B9e0symbiont
- Outcome
- phenotypic growth defectse0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phenotypic growth defects arising from impaired auxin signaling in Arabidopsis taa1 mutant or upon L-Kynurenine treatment of wild-type Arabidopsis seedlings could be significantly alleviated by fungus B9-derived auxin”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungus B9-derived auxin alleviated growth defects after L-Kynurenine treatment of wild-type Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Material
- wild-typee0
- Treatment
- fungus B9-derived auxine0
- Interactor
- fungus B9e0symbiont
- Outcome
- phenotypic growth defectse0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
- Qualifier
- L-Kynurenine treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phenotypic growth defects arising from impaired auxin signaling in Arabidopsis taa1 mutant or upon L-Kynurenine treatment of wild-type Arabidopsis seedlings could be significantly alleviated by fungus B9-derived auxin”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded that fungal auxin production was a main mechanism of beneficial plant growth induction.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Interactor
- P. citrinumPenicillium citrinume0symbiont
- Compound
- auxine0
- Outcome
- beneficial plant growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the production of auxin is one of the main mechanisms involved in induction of the beneficial plant growth by P. citrinum.”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
The same questions in other papers
class · physiology: hormones · ArabidopsisPositive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
10 papers more in this group
See all 14 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.