Abstract
The long-term influence of several living mulches on apple tree growth, nutrient status, yield, and fruit quality concerning the year of cover crop sowing in tree rows was evaluated in the Lower Silesia region in the southwestern part of Poland. The estimation was conducted in six apple tree ‘Ligol’ populations differentiated by the rootstock: M.26, M.9, P 60, P 2, P 16, and P 22. In experiment no. 1, one-year-old nursery stock was planted, and perennial living mulches were sown: colonial bent grass (Agrostis vulgaris With.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in the same year and blue fescue (Festuca ovina L.) in the following year. In experiment no. 2, which involved two-year-old stock, the sowing of blue fescue was delayed until the second, third, fourth, and fifth years following orchard planting. The presence of the cover crop significantly affected young tree growth when one-year-old trees were planted. The sowing of the living mulch in the first or the second year after tree planting led to a significant reduction in the cumulative yield obtained from the young trees. The living mulch improved the red coloration of the fruit skin in the young orchard, but it caused a reduction in the mean fruit weight and size. However, it also contributed to decreased nitrogen concentration in the leaves of the apple trees, and the tree tolerance to living mulch increased as the orchard aged. A choice of semidwarf rootstock, postponed sowing of cover crop, and high-quality nursery stock were recognized as the most important factors for fostering apple tree tolerance to living mulches in tree rows.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crops significantly affected young apple tree growth.
- Taxon
- apple tree
Malus domesticae1 - Treatment
- cover crope0
- Outcome
- young tree growthe0
- Qualifier
- one-year-old treese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The presence of the cover crop significantly affected young tree growth when one-year-old trees were planted.”
e1“apple tree growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Living mulch sown in the first or second year significantly reduced cumulative yield of young apple trees.
- Taxon
- apple treeMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- living mulch in the first or the second year after tree plantinge0
- Outcome
- cumulative yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The sowing of the living mulch in the first or the second year after tree planting led to a significant reduction in the cumulative yield obtained from the young trees.”
e1“apple tree growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Living mulch improved fruit skin red coloration in the young orchard.
- Taxon
- apple treeMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- living mulche0
- Outcome
- red coloration of the fruit skine0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Setting
- young orcharde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The living mulch improved the red coloration of the fruit skin in the young orchard”
e1“apple tree growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Living mulch reduced mean apple fruit weight and size.
- Taxon
- apple treeMalus domesticae2
- Treatment
- living mulche1
- Outcome
- mean fruit weight and sizee0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it caused a reduction in the mean fruit weight and size”
e1“living mulch improved”
e2“apple tree growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Living mulch decreased nitrogen concentration in apple leaves.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- living mulche1
- Outcome
- nitrogen concentration in the leavese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it also contributed to decreased nitrogen concentration in the leaves of the apple trees”
e1“living mulch improved”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple tree tolerance to living mulch increased as orchards aged.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- living mulche0
- Outcome
- tree tolerance to living mulche0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the tree tolerance to living mulch increased as the orchard aged”
e1“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend semidwarf rootstock for apple tolerance to living mulch.
- Taxon
- apple treeMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- semidwarf rootstocke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A choice of semidwarf rootstock, postponed sowing of cover crop, and high-quality nursery stock were recognized as the most important factors for fostering apple tree tolerance to living mulches in tree rows.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend postponing cover crop sowing for apple tolerance to living mulch.
- Taxon
- apple treeMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- postponed sowing of cover crope0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A choice of semidwarf rootstock, postponed sowing of cover crop, and high-quality nursery stock were recognized as the most important factors for fostering apple tree tolerance to living mulches in tree rows.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend high-quality nursery stock for apple tolerance to living mulch.
- Taxon
- apple treeMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- high-quality nursery stocke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A choice of semidwarf rootstock, postponed sowing of cover crop, and high-quality nursery stock were recognized as the most important factors for fostering apple tree tolerance to living mulches in tree rows.”
The same questions in other papers
cover crop · yield · Malus domestica (apple)Results differ
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →cover crop · nutrient: content · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.