Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION: Root development is regulated by sucrose and light during early seedling establishment through changes in the auxin response and chromatin topology. Light is a key environmental signal that regulates plant growth and development. The impact of light on development is primarily analyzed in the above-ground tissues, but little is known about the mechanisms by which light shapes the architecture of underground roots. Our study shows that carbohydrate starvation during skotomorphogenesis is accompanied by compaction of nuclei in the root apical meristem, which prevents cell cycle progression and leads to irreversible root differentiation in the absence of external carbohydrates, as evidenced by the lack of DNA replication and increased numbers of nuclei with specific chromatin characteristics. In these conditions, induction of photomorphogenesis was unable to restore seedling growth, as overall root growth was compromised. The addition of carbohydrates, either locally or systemically by transferring seedlings to sugar-containing medium, led to the induction of adventitious root formation with rapid recovery of seedling growth. Conversely, transferring in vitro carbohydrate-grown seedlings from light to dark transiently promoted cell elongation and significantly reduced root meristem size, but did not primarily affect cell cycle kinetics. We show that, in the presence of sucrose, dark incubation does not affect zonation in the root apical meristem but leads to shortening of the proliferative and transition zones. Sugar starvation led to a rapid increase in lysine demethylation of histone H3 at position K9, which preceded a rapid decline in cell cycle activity and activation of cell differentiation. In conclusion, carbohydrates are required for cell cycle activity, epigenetics reprogramming and for postmitotic cell elongation and auxin-regulated response in the root apical meristem.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Carbohydrate starvation during skotomorphogenesis compacted nuclei in the root apical meristem.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianat0 - Organ / stage
- root apical meristeme0
- Treatment
- carbohydrate starvatione0
- Outcome
- compaction of nucleie0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“carbohydrate starvation during skotomorphogenesis is accompanied by compaction of nuclei in the root apical meristem”
Claim · model-written summary
Starvation prevented cell cycle progression and led to irreversible root differentiation without external carbohydrates.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- cell cycle progression and leads to irreversible root differentiatione0
- Qualifier
- in the absence of external carbohydratese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“which prevents cell cycle progression and leads to irreversible root differentiation in the absence of external carbohydrates, as evidenced by the lack of DNA replication and increased numbers of nuclei with specific chromatin characteristics”
Claim · model-written summary
Photomorphogenesis induction could not restore seedling growth under these carbohydrate-starved conditions.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- induction of photomorphogenesise0
- Outcome
- seedling growthe0
- Direction
- unable to restoree0
- Qualifier
- In these conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“In these conditions, induction of photomorphogenesis was unable to restore seedling growth, as overall root growth was compromised.”
Claim · model-written summary
Added carbohydrates induced adventitious roots and rapidly restored seedling growth.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- addition of carbohydratese0
- Outcome
- adventitious root formation with rapid recovery of seedling growthe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“The addition of carbohydrates, either locally or systemically by transferring seedlings to sugar-containing medium, led to the induction of adventitious root formation with rapid recovery of seedling growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
Moving carbohydrate-grown seedlings from light to dark transiently promoted cell elongation.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- from light to darke0
- Outcome
- cell elongatione0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Qualifier
- transientlye0
- Comparator
- lighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“transferring in vitro carbohydrate-grown seedlings from light to dark transiently promoted cell elongation”
Claim · model-written summary
Moving carbohydrate-grown seedlings from light to dark significantly reduced root meristem size.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- from light to darke0
- Outcome
- root meristem sizee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- lighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“transferring in vitro carbohydrate-grown seedlings from light to dark transiently promoted cell elongation and significantly reduced root meristem size”
Claim · model-written summary
Moving carbohydrate-grown seedlings from light to dark did not primarily affect cell cycle kinetics.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- cell cycle kineticse0
- Direction
- did not primarily affecte0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“but did not primarily affect cell cycle kinetics”
Claim · model-written summary
With sucrose present, dark incubation did not affect root apical meristem zonation.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- dark incubatione0
- Outcome
- zonation in the root apical meristeme0
- Direction
- does not affecte0
- Qualifier
- in the presence of sucrosee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“in the presence of sucrose, dark incubation does not affect zonation in the root apical meristem”
Claim · model-written summary
With sucrose present, dark incubation shortened the proliferative and transition zones.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- dark incubatione0
- Outcome
- proliferative and transition zonese0
- Direction
- shorteninge0
- Qualifier
- in the presence of sucrosee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“in the presence of sucrose, dark incubation does not affect zonation in the root apical meristem but leads to shortening of the proliferative and transition zones”
Claim · model-written summary
Sugar starvation rapidly increased histone H3 K9 lysine demethylation before cell cycle decline and differentiation.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- Sugar starvatione0
- Gene
- histone H3e0
- Outcome
- lysine demethylation of histone H3 at position K9e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- preceded a rapid decline in cell cycle activity and activation of cell differentiatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“Sugar starvation led to a rapid increase in lysine demethylation of histone H3 at position K9, which preceded a rapid decline in cell cycle activity and activation of cell differentiation.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.