Abstract
Soil salinity leads to a reduction in plant growth, germination, relative water content, and production of wheat plants worldwide. Chitosan showed a positive effect on plant growth and development and improved plant stress tolerance. The current study aimed to examine the effect of different chitosan concentrations on the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt pathway in germinating seeds of wheat (Triticum durum L.) under salt stress (25 - 200 mM NaCl). We determined the seed germination pattern, seed moisture content, GABA shunt metabolites (GABA, glutamate, and alanine), oxidative damage in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, and the glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) mRNA transcription. Pre-treatment of wheat seeds with chitosan improved germination by enhancing germination percentage, seedling length, and seedling fresh and dry masses under salt stress. Data showed an increase in GABA shunt and their metabolites (alanine and glutamate), MDA content, and GAD mRNA transcription, and a decrease in germination percentage, seedling length, seedling fresh and dry masses for both untreated and chitosan-treated seeds under salt stress. Our results suggest that the elevation of GABA in chitosan-treated seeds was able to maintain metabolic stability under salt stress. The MDA content increased in chitosan-treated seeds as NaCl concentration increased, however, the increase was slightly lower than the MDA content in untreated seeds which confirmed that chitosan activates GAD mRNA expression that leads to activate GABA shunt to involve in the reduction of membrane damage and activation of reactive oxygen species scavenging systems under salt stress. Consequently, this study demonstrated that chitosan significantly enhanced the accumulation of GABA and amino acids metabolism to maintain the C:N balance and improved salt tolerance in wheat seeds during seed germination.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan pretreatment improved wheat germination percentage under salt stress.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Treatment
- Pre-treatment of wheat seeds with chitosane0
- Outcome
- germination percentagee0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Qualifier
- under salt stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pre-treatment of wheat seeds with chitosan improved germination by enhancing germination percentage, seedling length, and seedling fresh and dry masses under salt stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan pretreatment enhanced seedling length and fresh and dry masses under salt stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Pre-treatment of wheat seeds with chitosane0
- Outcome
- seedling length, and seedling fresh and dry massese0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Qualifier
- under salt stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pre-treatment of wheat seeds with chitosan improved germination by enhancing germination percentage, seedling length, and seedling fresh and dry masses under salt stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased GABA shunt metabolites in untreated and chitosan-treated seeds.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- GABA shunt and their metabolites (alanine and glutamate)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- both untreated and chitosan-treated seedse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Data showed an increase in GABA shunt and their metabolites (alanine and glutamate), MDA content, and GAD mRNA transcription, and a decrease in germination percentage, seedling length, seedling fresh and dry masses for both untreated and chitosan-treated seeds under salt stress.”
t0“wheat seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased MDA content in both untreated and chitosan-treated seeds.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- MDA contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- both untreated and chitosan-treated seedse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Data showed an increase in GABA shunt and their metabolites (alanine and glutamate), MDA content, and GAD mRNA transcription, and a decrease in germination percentage, seedling length, seedling fresh and dry masses for both untreated and chitosan-treated seeds under salt stress.”
t0“wheat seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased GAD mRNA transcription in both untreated and chitosan-treated seeds.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Gene
- GADe0
- Outcome
- GAD mRNA transcriptione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- both untreated and chitosan-treated seedse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Data showed an increase in GABA shunt and their metabolites (alanine and glutamate), MDA content, and GAD mRNA transcription, and a decrease in germination percentage, seedling length, seedling fresh and dry masses for both untreated and chitosan-treated seeds under salt stress.”
t0“wheat seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased germination percentage, seedling length and seedling masses in untreated and chitosan-treated seeds.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- germination percentage, seedling length, seedling fresh and dry massese0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- both untreated and chitosan-treated seedse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a decrease in germination percentage, seedling length, seedling fresh and dry masses for both untreated and chitosan-treated seeds under salt stress”
t0“wheat seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA elevation in chitosan-treated seeds was suggested to maintain metabolic stability under salt stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- chitosan-treated seedse0
- Compound
- GABAe0
- Outcome
- metabolic stabilitye0
- Qualifier
- under salt stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the elevation of GABA in chitosan-treated seeds was able to maintain metabolic stability under salt stress”
t0“wheat seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
MDA rose with NaCl concentration in chitosan-treated seeds, but less than in untreated seeds.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NaCl concentratione0
- Outcome
- MDA contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- slightly lowere0
- Comparator
- untreated seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The MDA content increased in chitosan-treated seeds as NaCl concentration increased, however, the increase was slightly lower than the MDA content in untreated seeds”
t0“wheat seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors infer that chitosan activates GAD expression and the GABA shunt to reduce membrane damage.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- chitosane0
- Gene
- GADe0
- Outcome
- reduction of membrane damagee0
- Qualifier
- activation of reactive oxygen species scavenging systems under salt stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chitosan activates GAD mRNA expression that leads to activate GABA shunt to involve in the reduction of membrane damage and activation of reactive oxygen species scavenging systems under salt stress”
t0“wheat seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan significantly enhanced GABA accumulation and amino acid metabolism during wheat germination.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Treatment
- chitosane0
- Outcome
- accumulation of GABA and amino acids metabolisme0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chitosan significantly enhanced the accumulation of GABA and amino acids metabolism to maintain the C:N balance and improved salt tolerance in wheat seeds during seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan improved salt tolerance in germinating wheat seeds.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Treatment
- chitosane0
- Outcome
- salt tolerancee0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chitosan significantly enhanced the accumulation of GABA and amino acids metabolism to maintain the C:N balance and improved salt tolerance in wheat seeds during seed germination”
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