Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that significantly threatens plants and the environment. Its toxicity in plants can result in various adverse effects, including reduced growth, altered metabolism, and cell damage. Cadmium can also interfere with nutrient uptake, particularly zinc (Zn), leading to Zn deficiency and further exacerbating Cd toxicity. On the other hand, foliar application of zinc might be a useful strategy to mitigate cadmium (Cd) toxicity in plants. Hence, a pot experiment was conducted with three replications. The wheat plants were treated with various concentrations of Zn as a foliar spray (control, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.5%) in Cd-spiked soil in pots. The results showed that foliar use of Zn at 0.4 or 0.5% resulted in higher plant height, grain yield, and dry matter yield than the control group. Using Zn as foliar spray enriched shoot and grain Zn content while reducing Cd content in the shoot and grain. The leaf's electrolyte leakage (EL) decreased by 15.4, 29.8, 40.7, and 45.9% in the Zn 0.1%, Zn 0.2%, Zn 0.4%, and Zn 0.5% treatments, respectively, compared to the control treatment. Regarding superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, Zn 0.5% treatment showed a decrease of 42.9% over control. Specifically, the Zn 0.1% showed a 27.2%, Zn 0.2% showed a 56.8%, Zn 0.4% showed a 91.1%, and Zn 0.5% showed a 133.7% increase in total chlorophyll content than control. Based on the results, it is recommended that 0.4% Zn solution may be used for foliar application for enhancing crop productivity and Zn concentration in plants under high Cd stress. Additionally, continued research on the mechanisms of cadmium uptake, transport, and detoxification in plants may lead to the identification of new targets for intervention.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Zn at 0.4 increased plant height relative to control under Cd stress.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- 0.4e0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar use of Zn at 0.4 or 0.5% resulted in higher plant height, grain yield, and dry matter yield than the control group”
t0“Zinc Foliar Application Mitigates Cadmium-Induced Growth Inhibition and Enhances Wheat Growth, Chlorophyll Contents, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Zn at 0.4 increased grain yield relative to control under Cd stress.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 0.4e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar use of Zn at 0.4 or 0.5% resulted in higher plant height, grain yield, and dry matter yield than the control group”
t0“Zinc Foliar Application Mitigates Cadmium-Induced Growth Inhibition and Enhances Wheat Growth, Chlorophyll Contents, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Zn at 0.4 increased dry matter yield relative to control under Cd stress.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 0.4e0
- Outcome
- dry matter yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar use of Zn at 0.4 or 0.5% resulted in higher plant height, grain yield, and dry matter yield than the control group”
t0“Zinc Foliar Application Mitigates Cadmium-Induced Growth Inhibition and Enhances Wheat Growth, Chlorophyll Contents, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Zn at 0.5% increased plant height relative to control under Cd stress.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 0.5%e0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar use of Zn at 0.4 or 0.5% resulted in higher plant height, grain yield, and dry matter yield than the control group”
t0“Zinc Foliar Application Mitigates Cadmium-Induced Growth Inhibition and Enhances Wheat Growth, Chlorophyll Contents, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Zn at 0.5% increased grain yield relative to control under Cd stress.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 0.5%e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar use of Zn at 0.4 or 0.5% resulted in higher plant height, grain yield, and dry matter yield than the control group”
t0“Zinc Foliar Application Mitigates Cadmium-Induced Growth Inhibition and Enhances Wheat Growth, Chlorophyll Contents, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Zn at 0.5% increased dry matter yield relative to control under Cd stress.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 0.5%e0
- Outcome
- dry matter yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar use of Zn at 0.4 or 0.5% resulted in higher plant height, grain yield, and dry matter yield than the control group”
t0“Zinc Foliar Application Mitigates Cadmium-Induced Growth Inhibition and Enhances Wheat Growth, Chlorophyll Contents, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Zn increased Zn content in wheat shoots and grain.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn as foliar spraye0
- Outcome
- shoot and grain Zn contente0
- Direction
- enrichede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using Zn as foliar spray enriched shoot and grain Zn content”
t0“Zinc Foliar Application Mitigates Cadmium-Induced Growth Inhibition and Enhances Wheat Growth, Chlorophyll Contents, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Zn reduced Cd content in wheat shoots and grain.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn as foliar spraye0
- Outcome
- Cd content in the shoot and graine0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using Zn as foliar spray enriched shoot and grain Zn content while reducing Cd content in the shoot and grain”
t0“Zinc Foliar Application Mitigates Cadmium-Induced Growth Inhibition and Enhances Wheat Growth, Chlorophyll Contents, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn 0.1% decreased wheat leaf electrolyte leakage by 15.4 versus control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn 0.1%e0
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 15.4e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The leaf's electrolyte leakage (EL) decreased by 15.4, 29.8, 40.7, and 45.9% in the Zn 0.1%, Zn 0.2%, Zn 0.4%, and Zn 0.5% treatments, respectively, compared to the control treatment”
t0“Zinc Foliar Application Mitigates Cadmium-Induced Growth Inhibition and Enhances Wheat Growth, Chlorophyll Contents, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn 0.2% decreased wheat leaf electrolyte leakage by 29.8 versus control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn 0.2%e0
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 29.8e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The leaf's electrolyte leakage (EL) decreased by 15.4, 29.8, 40.7, and 45.9% in the Zn 0.1%, Zn 0.2%, Zn 0.4%, and Zn 0.5% treatments, respectively, compared to the control treatment”
t0“Zinc Foliar Application Mitigates Cadmium-Induced Growth Inhibition and Enhances Wheat Growth, Chlorophyll Contents, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn 0.4% decreased wheat leaf electrolyte leakage by 40.7 versus control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn 0.4%e0
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 40.7e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The leaf's electrolyte leakage (EL) decreased by 15.4, 29.8, 40.7, and 45.9% in the Zn 0.1%, Zn 0.2%, Zn 0.4%, and Zn 0.5% treatments, respectively, compared to the control treatment”
t0“Zinc Foliar Application Mitigates Cadmium-Induced Growth Inhibition and Enhances Wheat Growth, Chlorophyll Contents, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn 0.5% decreased wheat leaf electrolyte leakage by 45.9% versus control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn 0.5%e0
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 45.9%e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The leaf's electrolyte leakage (EL) decreased by 15.4, 29.8, 40.7, and 45.9% in the Zn 0.1%, Zn 0.2%, Zn 0.4%, and Zn 0.5% treatments, respectively, compared to the control treatment”
t0“Zinc Foliar Application Mitigates Cadmium-Induced Growth Inhibition and Enhances Wheat Growth, Chlorophyll Contents, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn 0.5% decreased wheat superoxide dismutase activity by 42.9% versus control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn 0.5% treatmente0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD) activitye0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 42.9%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Regarding superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, Zn 0.5% treatment showed a decrease of 42.9% over control”
t0“Zinc Foliar Application Mitigates Cadmium-Induced Growth Inhibition and Enhances Wheat Growth, Chlorophyll Contents, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn 0.1% increased wheat total chlorophyll content by 27.2% versus control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn 0.1%e0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 27.2%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Specifically, the Zn 0.1% showed a 27.2%, Zn 0.2% showed a 56.8%, Zn 0.4% showed a 91.1%, and Zn 0.5% showed a 133.7% increase in total chlorophyll content than control”
t0“Zinc Foliar Application Mitigates Cadmium-Induced Growth Inhibition and Enhances Wheat Growth, Chlorophyll Contents, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn 0.2% increased wheat total chlorophyll content by 56.8% versus control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn 0.2%e0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 56.8%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Specifically, the Zn 0.1% showed a 27.2%, Zn 0.2% showed a 56.8%, Zn 0.4% showed a 91.1%, and Zn 0.5% showed a 133.7% increase in total chlorophyll content than control”
t0“Zinc Foliar Application Mitigates Cadmium-Induced Growth Inhibition and Enhances Wheat Growth, Chlorophyll Contents, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn 0.4% increased wheat total chlorophyll content by 91.1% versus control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn 0.4%e0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 91.1%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Specifically, the Zn 0.1% showed a 27.2%, Zn 0.2% showed a 56.8%, Zn 0.4% showed a 91.1%, and Zn 0.5% showed a 133.7% increase in total chlorophyll content than control”
t0“Zinc Foliar Application Mitigates Cadmium-Induced Growth Inhibition and Enhances Wheat Growth, Chlorophyll Contents, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn 0.5% increased wheat total chlorophyll content by 133.7% versus control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn 0.5%e0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 133.7%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Specifically, the Zn 0.1% showed a 27.2%, Zn 0.2% showed a 56.8%, Zn 0.4% showed a 91.1%, and Zn 0.5% showed a 133.7% increase in total chlorophyll content than control”
t0“Zinc Foliar Application Mitigates Cadmium-Induced Growth Inhibition and Enhances Wheat Growth, Chlorophyll Contents, and Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend foliar 0.4% Zn solution to improve crop productivity and Zn concentration under high Cd stress.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Treatment
- 0.4% Zn solutione0
- Outcome
- foliar application for enhancing crop productivity and Zn concentratione0
- Qualifier
- under high Cd stresse0
Verbatim
e0“it is recommended that 0.4% Zn solution may be used for foliar application for enhancing crop productivity and Zn concentration in plants under high Cd stress”
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