Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have emerged as a prominent tool in agriculture. Since photosynthetic function is a significant measurement of phytotoxicity and an assessment tool prior to large-scale agricultural applications, the impact of engineered irregular-shaped ZnO NPs coated with oleylamine (ZnO@OAm NPs) were tested. The ZnO@OAm NPs (crystalline size 19 nm) were solvothermally prepared in the sole presence of oleylamine (OAm) and evaluated on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry. Foliar-sprayed 15 mg L−1 ZnO@OAm NPs on tomato leaflets increased chlorophyll content that initiated a higher amount of light energy capture, which resulted in about a 20% increased electron transport rate (ETR) and a quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII) at the growth light (GL, 600 μmol photons m−2 s−1). However, the ZnO@OAm NPs caused a malfunction in the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of PSII, which resulted in photoinhibition and increased ROS accumulation. The ROS accumulation was due to the decreased photoprotective mechanism of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and to the donor-side photoinhibition. Despite ROS accumulation, ZnO@OAm NPs decreased the excess excitation energy of the PSII, indicating improved PSII efficiency. Therefore, synthesized ZnO@OAm NPs can potentially be used as photosynthetic biostimulants for enhancing crop yields after being tested on other plant species.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar ZnO@OAm NPs increased tomato chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- ZnO@OAm NPse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar-sprayed 15 mg L−1 ZnO@OAm NPs on tomato leaflets increased chlorophyll content”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar ZnO@OAm NPs increased tomato electron transport rate by about 20%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ZnO@OAm NPse1
- Outcome
- electron transport rate (ETR)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“about a 20% increased electron transport rate (ETR)”
e1“Foliar-sprayed 15 mg L−1 ZnO@OAm NPs on tomato leaflets”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar ZnO@OAm NPs increased PSII quantum yield at growth light.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ZnO@OAm NPse1
- Outcome
- quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- growth light (GL, 600 μmol photons m−2 s−1)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased electron transport rate (ETR) and a quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII) at the growth light (GL, 600 μmol photons m−2 s−1)”
e1“Foliar-sprayed 15 mg L−1 ZnO@OAm NPs on tomato leaflets”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO@OAm NPs caused malfunction of the PSII oxygen-evolving complex.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ZnO@OAm NPse0
- Outcome
- malfunction in the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of PSIIe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZnO@OAm NPs caused a malfunction in the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of PSII”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO@OAm NPs caused photoinhibition.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ZnO@OAm NPse0
- Outcome
- photoinhibitione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZnO@OAm NPs caused a malfunction in the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of PSII, which resulted in photoinhibition”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO@OAm NPs increased ROS accumulation.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ZnO@OAm NPse0
- Outcome
- ROS accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZnO@OAm NPs caused a malfunction in the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of PSII, which resulted in photoinhibition and increased ROS accumulation”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced NPQ and donor-side photoinhibition explained ROS accumulation.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- ROS accumulatione0
- Qualifier
- decreased photoprotective mechanism of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and to the donor-side photoinhibitione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ROS accumulation was due to the decreased photoprotective mechanism of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and to the donor-side photoinhibition”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO@OAm NPs decreased excess PSII excitation energy.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ZnO@OAm NPse0
- Outcome
- excess excitation energy of the PSIIe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZnO@OAm NPs decreased the excess excitation energy of the PSII”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose ZnO@OAm NPs as photosynthetic biostimulants after testing in other species.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic biostimulants for enhancing crop yieldse0
- Qualifier
- after being tested on other plant speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZnO@OAm NPs can potentially be used as photosynthetic biostimulants for enhancing crop yields after being tested on other plant species”
t0“Tomato Plants”
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