Abstract
In the last few decades use of metal-based nanoparticles (MNPs) has been increased significantly that eventually contaminating agricultural land and limiting crop production worldwide. Moreover, contamination of food chain with MNPs has appeared as a matter of public concern due to risk of potential health hazard. Brassinosteroid has been shown to play a critical role in alleviating heavy metal stress; however, its function in relieving zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs)-induced phytotoxicity remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the potential role of 24-epibrassinolide (BR) in mitigating ZnO NPs-induced toxicity in tomato seedlings. Seedling growth, biomass production, and root activity gradually decreased, but Zn accumulation increased with increasing ZnO NPs concentration (10-100 mg/L) in growth media (½ MS). The augmentation of BR (5 nM) in media significantly ameliorated 50 mg/L ZnO NPs-induced growth inhibition. Visualization of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and quantification of H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) in tomato roots confirmed that ZnO NPs induced an oxidative stress. However, combined treatment with BR and ZnO NPs remarkably reduced concentration of H2O2 and MDA as compared with ZnO NPs only treatment, indicating that BR supplementation substantially reduced oxidative stress. Furthermore, the activities of key antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase were increased by combined treatment of BR and ZnO NPs compared with ZnO NPs only treatment. BR also increased reduced glutathione (GSH), but decreased oxidized glutathione (GSSG)] and thus improved cellular redox homeostasis by increasing GSH:GSSG ratio. The changes in relative transcript abundance of corresponding antioxidant genes such as Cu/Zn SOD, CAT1, GSH1, and GR1 were in accordance with the changes in those antioxidants under different treatments. More importantly, combined application of BR and ZnO NPs significantly decreased Zn content in both shoot and root of tomato seedlings as compared with ZnO NPs alone. Taken together, this study, for the first time, showed that BR could not only improve plant tolerance to ZnO NPs but also reduce the excess zinc content in tomato seedlings. Such a finding may have potential implication in safe vegetable production in the MNPs-polluted areas.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Seedling growth decreased with increasing ZnO NP concentration.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- increasing ZnO NPs concentration (10-100 mg/L)e0
- Outcome
- Seedling growthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling growth, biomass production, and root activity gradually decreased, but Zn accumulation increased with increasing ZnO NPs concentration (10-100 mg/L) in growth media (½ MS).”
t0“Tomato Seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
biomass production decreased with increasing ZnO NP concentration.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increasing ZnO NPs concentration (10-100 mg/L)e0
- Outcome
- biomass productione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling growth, biomass production, and root activity gradually decreased, but Zn accumulation increased with increasing ZnO NPs concentration (10-100 mg/L) in growth media (½ MS).”
t0“Tomato Seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
root activity decreased with increasing ZnO NP concentration.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increasing ZnO NPs concentration (10-100 mg/L)e0
- Outcome
- root activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling growth, biomass production, and root activity gradually decreased, but Zn accumulation increased with increasing ZnO NPs concentration (10-100 mg/L) in growth media (½ MS).”
t0“Tomato Seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc accumulation increased with increasing ZnO NP concentration.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increasing ZnO NPs concentration (10-100 mg/L)e0
- Outcome
- Zn accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling growth, biomass production, and root activity gradually decreased, but Zn accumulation increased with increasing ZnO NPs concentration (10-100 mg/L) in growth media (½ MS).”
t0“Tomato Seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding 5 nM BR ameliorated growth inhibition caused by 50 mg/L ZnO NPs.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- BR (5 nM)e0
- Outcome
- growth inhibitione0
- Direction
- amelioratede0
- Comparator
- 50 mg/L ZnO NPse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The augmentation of BR (5 nM) in media significantly ameliorated 50 mg/L ZnO NPs-induced growth inhibition.”
t0“Tomato Seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO NPs induced oxidative stress in tomato roots.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- tomato rootse0
- Treatment
- ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Visualization of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and quantification of H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) in tomato roots confirmed that ZnO NPs induced an oxidative stress.”
t0“Tomato Seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined BR and ZnO NP treatment reduced H2O2 concentration relative to ZnO NPs alone.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combined treatment with BR and ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- concentration of H2O2 and MDAe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- ZnO NPs only treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, combined treatment with BR and ZnO NPs remarkably reduced concentration of H2O2 and MDA as compared with ZnO NPs only treatment, indicating that BR supplementation substantially reduced oxidative stress.”
t0“Tomato Seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined BR and ZnO NP treatment reduced MDA concentration relative to ZnO NPs alone.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combined treatment with BR and ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- concentration of H2O2 and MDAe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- ZnO NPs only treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, combined treatment with BR and ZnO NPs remarkably reduced concentration of H2O2 and MDA as compared with ZnO NPs only treatment, indicating that BR supplementation substantially reduced oxidative stress.”
t0“Tomato Seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
BR supplementation reduced oxidative stress under ZnO NP exposure.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- BR supplementatione0
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- ZnO NPs only treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, combined treatment with BR and ZnO NPs remarkably reduced concentration of H2O2 and MDA as compared with ZnO NPs only treatment, indicating that BR supplementation substantially reduced oxidative stress.”
t0“Tomato Seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined BR and ZnO NP treatment increased SOD, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combined treatment of BR and ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- activities of key antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- ZnO NPs only treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, the activities of key antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase were increased by combined treatment of BR and ZnO NPs compared with ZnO NPs only treatment.”
t0“Tomato Seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
BR increased reduced glutathione.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- BRe0
- Outcome
- reduced glutathione (GSH)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BR also increased reduced glutathione (GSH), but decreased oxidized glutathione (GSSG)] and thus improved cellular redox homeostasis by increasing GSH:GSSG ratio.”
t0“Tomato Seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
BR decreased oxidized glutathione.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- BRe0
- Outcome
- oxidized glutathione (GSSG)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BR also increased reduced glutathione (GSH), but decreased oxidized glutathione (GSSG)] and thus improved cellular redox homeostasis by increasing GSH:GSSG ratio.”
t0“Tomato Seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
BR increased the GSH:GSSG ratio.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- BRe0
- Outcome
- GSH:GSSG ratioe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BR also increased reduced glutathione (GSH), but decreased oxidized glutathione (GSSG)] and thus improved cellular redox homeostasis by increasing GSH:GSSG ratio.”
t0“Tomato Seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
BR improved cellular redox homeostasis.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- BRe0
- Outcome
- cellular redox homeostasise0
- Direction
- improvede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BR also increased reduced glutathione (GSH), but decreased oxidized glutathione (GSSG)] and thus improved cellular redox homeostasis by increasing GSH:GSSG ratio.”
t0“Tomato Seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant gene transcripts changed in agreement with antioxidant changes across treatments.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- Cu/Zn SOD, CAT1, GSH1, and GR1e0
- Outcome
- relative transcript abundancee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The changes in relative transcript abundance of corresponding antioxidant genes such as Cu/Zn SOD, CAT1, GSH1, and GR1 were in accordance with the changes in those antioxidants under different treatments.”
t0“Tomato Seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined BR and ZnO NP treatment decreased Zn content in the shoot.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- shoote0
- Treatment
- combined application of BR and ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- Zn contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- ZnO NPs alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“More importantly, combined application of BR and ZnO NPs significantly decreased Zn content in both shoot and root of tomato seedlings as compared with ZnO NPs alone.”
t0“Tomato Seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined BR and ZnO NP treatment decreased Zn content in the root.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- combined application of BR and ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- Zn contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- ZnO NPs alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“More importantly, combined application of BR and ZnO NPs significantly decreased Zn content in both shoot and root of tomato seedlings as compared with ZnO NPs alone.”
t0“Tomato Seedling”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.