Abstract
Drought stress is one of the serious threats to crop production. It causes significant deterioration of crop growth and yield by inducing oxidative stress. The biochar and arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) can be an effective technique to overcome drought stress. Activated carbon biochar (BC) has the potential to improve soil water holding capacity while AMF inoculation can increase root surface area for better uptake of water. However, their combined application as an amendment against drought still needs scientific justification. That's why the current study was conducted using a combination of AMF and BC on spinach under no drought stress and drought stress. The treatments included i.e., 0, 0.25%, and 0.50%AMF-BC. The experiment was replicated thre times using completely randomized design (CRD). Results showed that 0.5%AMF-BC increase spinach shoot fresh weight (20.34%), shoot dry weight (21.23%), shoot length (3.37%), root fresh weight (16.10%), root dry weight (14.51%), and root length (38.03%) over control under drought stress. The 0.50%AMF-BC increased chlorophyll a (15.33%), chlorophyll b (30.17%), total chlorophyll (18.85%), photosynthetic rate (35.59%), transpiration rate (26.53%), stomatal conductance (13.97%) and internal CO2 concentration (37.15%) compared to control under drought stress. The improvement in N, P, and K concentration in root and shoot verified the efficacious functioning of 0.50%AMF-BC compared to control under drought stress. In conclusion, 0.50%AMF-BC is recommended for the mitigation of drought stress in spinach.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
In spinach under drought stress, 0.5%AMF-BC increased shoot fresh weight by 20.34% over the control.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceae0 - Treatment
- 0.5%AMF-BCe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weighte1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 20.34%e1
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“0.5%AMF-BC increase spinach”
e1“shoot fresh weight (20.34%)”
e2“over control under drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
In spinach under drought stress, 0.5%AMF-BC increased shoot dry weight by 21.23% over the control.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- 0.5%AMF-BCe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 21.23%e1
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“0.5%AMF-BC increase spinach”
e1“shoot dry weight (21.23%)”
e2“over control under drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
In spinach under drought stress, 0.5%AMF-BC increased shoot length by 3.37% over the control.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- 0.5%AMF-BCe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 3.37%e1
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“0.5%AMF-BC increase spinach”
e1“shoot length (3.37%)”
e2“over control under drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
In spinach under drought stress, 0.5%AMF-BC increased root fresh weight by 16.10% over the control.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- 0.5%AMF-BCe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- root fresh weighte1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 16.10%e1
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“0.5%AMF-BC increase spinach”
e1“root fresh weight (16.10%)”
e2“over control under drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
In spinach under drought stress, 0.5%AMF-BC increased root dry weight by 14.51% over the control.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- 0.5%AMF-BCe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- root dry weighte1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 14.51%e1
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“0.5%AMF-BC increase spinach”
e1“root dry weight (14.51%)”
e2“over control under drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
In spinach under drought stress, 0.5%AMF-BC increased root length by 38.03% over the control.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- 0.5%AMF-BCe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- root lengthe1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 38.03%e1
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“0.5%AMF-BC increase spinach”
e1“root length (38.03%)”
e2“over control under drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
In spinach under drought stress, 0.50%AMF-BC increased chlorophyll a by 15.33% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae3
- Treatment
- 0.50%AMF-BCe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 15.33%e1
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 0.50%AMF-BC increased”
e1“chlorophyll a (15.33%)”
e2“compared to control under drought stress. The improvement”
e3“using a combination of AMF and BC on spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
In spinach under drought stress, 0.50%AMF-BC increased chlorophyll b by 30.17% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae3
- Treatment
- 0.50%AMF-BCe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 30.17%e1
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 0.50%AMF-BC increased”
e1“chlorophyll b (30.17%)”
e2“compared to control under drought stress. The improvement”
e3“using a combination of AMF and BC on spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
In spinach under drought stress, 0.50%AMF-BC increased total chlorophyll by 18.85% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae3
- Treatment
- 0.50%AMF-BCe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 18.85%e1
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 0.50%AMF-BC increased”
e1“total chlorophyll (18.85%)”
e2“compared to control under drought stress. The improvement”
e3“using a combination of AMF and BC on spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
In spinach under drought stress, 0.50%AMF-BC increased photosynthetic rate by 35.59% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae3
- Treatment
- 0.50%AMF-BCe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 35.59%e1
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 0.50%AMF-BC increased”
e1“photosynthetic rate (35.59%)”
e2“compared to control under drought stress. The improvement”
e3“using a combination of AMF and BC on spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
In spinach under drought stress, 0.50%AMF-BC increased transpiration rate by 26.53% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae3
- Treatment
- 0.50%AMF-BCe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 26.53%e1
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 0.50%AMF-BC increased”
e1“transpiration rate (26.53%)”
e2“compared to control under drought stress. The improvement”
e3“using a combination of AMF and BC on spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
In spinach under drought stress, 0.50%AMF-BC increased stomatal conductance by 13.97% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae3
- Treatment
- 0.50%AMF-BCe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.97%e1
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 0.50%AMF-BC increased”
e1“stomatal conductance (13.97%)”
e2“compared to control under drought stress. The improvement”
e3“using a combination of AMF and BC on spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
In spinach under drought stress, 0.50%AMF-BC increased internal CO2 concentration by 37.15% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae3
- Treatment
- 0.50%AMF-BCe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- internal CO2 concentratione1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 37.15%e1
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 0.50%AMF-BC increased”
e1“internal CO2 concentration (37.15%)”
e2“compared to control under drought stress. The improvement”
e3“using a combination of AMF and BC on spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
In spinach under drought stress, 0.50%AMF-BC improved N, P and K concentrations in root and shoot compared with the control.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae2
- Treatment
- 0.50%AMF-BCe1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- N, P, and K concentration in root and shoote0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The improvement in N, P, and K concentration in root and shoot”
e1“efficacious functioning of 0.50%AMF-BC compared to control under drought stress”
e2“using a combination of AMF and BC on spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 0.50%AMF-BC for mitigating drought stress in spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- 0.50%AMF-BCe0
- Outcome
- mitigation of drought stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“0.50%AMF-BC is recommended for the mitigation of drought stress in spinach”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.