Abstract
Drought adversely affects many physiological and biochemical events of crops. This research was conducted to investigate the possible effects of biostimulants containing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on plant growth parameters, chlorophyll content, membrane permeability (MP), leaf relative water content (LRWC), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), hormone content, and antioxidant enzymes (catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) activity of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings under different irrigation levels. This study was carried out under controlled greenhouse conditions with two irrigation levels (D0: 100% of field capacity and D1: 50% of field capacity) and three biostimulant doses (B0: 0, B1: 4 L ha -1 , and B2: 6 L ha -1 ). The results of the study show that drought stress negatively influenced the growth and physiological characteristics of tomato seedlings while biostimulant applications ameliorated these parameters. Water deficit conditions (50% of field capacity) caused decrease in indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), cytokine, zeatin, and jasmonic acid content of tomato seedlings by ratios of 83%, 93%, 82%, 89%, 50%, and 57%, respectively, and shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area decreased by 43%, 19%, 39%, 29%, 20%, 18%, and 50%, respectively, compared to the control (B0D0). In addition, 21%, 16%, 21%, and 17% reductions occurred in LRWC, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll contents with drought compared to the control, respectively. Biostimulant applications restored the plant growth, and the most effective dose was 4 L ha -1 under drought condition. Amendment of biostimulant into the soil also enhanced organic matter and the total N, P, Ca, and Cu content of the experiment soil. In conclusion, 4 L ha -1 biostimulant amendment might be a promising approach to mitigate the adverse effects of drought stress on tomato.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulant applications ameliorated the growth and physiological parameters of drought-stressed tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- biostimulant applicationse1
- Interactor
- plant growth-promoting rhizobacteriae2symbiont
- Outcome
- these parameterse1
- Direction
- amelioratede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“biostimulant applications ameliorated these parameters”
e2“biostimulants containing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The 4 L ha -1 biostimulant dose was the most effective for restoring plant growth under drought.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 4 L ha -1e3
- Outcome
- plant growthe3
- Direction
- restorede3
- Value
- 4 L ha -1e3
- Qualifier
- under drought conditione3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Biostimulant applications restored the plant growth, and the most effective dose was 4 L ha -1 under drought condition”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil amendment with biostimulant enhanced soil organic matter and total N, P, Ca and Cu content.
- Treatment
- Amendment of biostimulant into the soile4
- Outcome
- organic matter and the total N, P, Ca, and Cu contente4
- Direction
- enhancede4
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e4“Amendment of biostimulant into the soil also enhanced organic matter and the total N, P, Ca, and Cu content of the experiment soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit decreased indole acetic acid (IAA) content of tomato seedlings by 83%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Water deficit conditions (50% of field capacity)e5
- Outcome
- indole acetic acid (IAA)e5
- Direction
- decreasee5
- Value
- 83%e5
- Comparator
- control (B0D0)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Water deficit conditions (50% of field capacity) caused decrease in indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), cytokine, zeatin, and jasmonic acid content of tomato seedlings by ratios of 83%, 93%, 82%, 89%, 50%, and 57%, respectively, and shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area decreased by 43%, 19%, 39%, 29%, 20%, 18%, and 50%, respectively, compared to the control (B0D0).”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit decreased gibberellic acid (GA) content of tomato seedlings by 93%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Water deficit conditions (50% of field capacity)e5
- Outcome
- gibberellic acid (GA)e5
- Direction
- decreasee5
- Value
- 93%e5
- Comparator
- control (B0D0)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Water deficit conditions (50% of field capacity) caused decrease in indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), cytokine, zeatin, and jasmonic acid content of tomato seedlings by ratios of 83%, 93%, 82%, 89%, 50%, and 57%, respectively, and shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area decreased by 43%, 19%, 39%, 29%, 20%, 18%, and 50%, respectively, compared to the control (B0D0).”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit decreased salicylic acid (SA) content of tomato seedlings by 82%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Water deficit conditions (50% of field capacity)e5
- Outcome
- salicylic acid (SA)e5
- Direction
- decreasee5
- Value
- 82%e5
- Comparator
- control (B0D0)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Water deficit conditions (50% of field capacity) caused decrease in indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), cytokine, zeatin, and jasmonic acid content of tomato seedlings by ratios of 83%, 93%, 82%, 89%, 50%, and 57%, respectively, and shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area decreased by 43%, 19%, 39%, 29%, 20%, 18%, and 50%, respectively, compared to the control (B0D0).”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit decreased cytokine content of tomato seedlings by 89%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Water deficit conditions (50% of field capacity)e5
- Outcome
- cytokinee5
- Direction
- decreasee5
- Value
- 89%e5
- Comparator
- control (B0D0)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Water deficit conditions (50% of field capacity) caused decrease in indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), cytokine, zeatin, and jasmonic acid content of tomato seedlings by ratios of 83%, 93%, 82%, 89%, 50%, and 57%, respectively, and shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area decreased by 43%, 19%, 39%, 29%, 20%, 18%, and 50%, respectively, compared to the control (B0D0).”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit decreased zeatin content of tomato seedlings by 50%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Water deficit conditions (50% of field capacity)e5
- Outcome
- zeatine5
- Direction
- decreasee5
- Value
- 50%e5
- Comparator
- control (B0D0)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Water deficit conditions (50% of field capacity) caused decrease in indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), cytokine, zeatin, and jasmonic acid content of tomato seedlings by ratios of 83%, 93%, 82%, 89%, 50%, and 57%, respectively, and shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area decreased by 43%, 19%, 39%, 29%, 20%, 18%, and 50%, respectively, compared to the control (B0D0).”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit decreased jasmonic acid content of tomato seedlings by 57%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Water deficit conditions (50% of field capacity)e5
- Outcome
- jasmonic acide5
- Direction
- decreasee5
- Value
- 57%e5
- Comparator
- control (B0D0)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Water deficit conditions (50% of field capacity) caused decrease in indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), cytokine, zeatin, and jasmonic acid content of tomato seedlings by ratios of 83%, 93%, 82%, 89%, 50%, and 57%, respectively, and shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area decreased by 43%, 19%, 39%, 29%, 20%, 18%, and 50%, respectively, compared to the control (B0D0).”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit decreased shoot fresh weight of tomato seedlings by 43%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Water deficit conditions (50% of field capacity)e5
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weighte5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 43%e5
- Comparator
- control (B0D0)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Water deficit conditions (50% of field capacity) caused decrease in indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), cytokine, zeatin, and jasmonic acid content of tomato seedlings by ratios of 83%, 93%, 82%, 89%, 50%, and 57%, respectively, and shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area decreased by 43%, 19%, 39%, 29%, 20%, 18%, and 50%, respectively, compared to the control (B0D0).”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit decreased root fresh weight of tomato seedlings by 19%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Water deficit conditions (50% of field capacity)e5
- Outcome
- root fresh weighte5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 19%e5
- Comparator
- control (B0D0)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Water deficit conditions (50% of field capacity) caused decrease in indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), cytokine, zeatin, and jasmonic acid content of tomato seedlings by ratios of 83%, 93%, 82%, 89%, 50%, and 57%, respectively, and shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area decreased by 43%, 19%, 39%, 29%, 20%, 18%, and 50%, respectively, compared to the control (B0D0).”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit decreased shoot dry weight of tomato seedlings by 39%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Water deficit conditions (50% of field capacity)e5
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 39%e5
- Comparator
- control (B0D0)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Water deficit conditions (50% of field capacity) caused decrease in indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), cytokine, zeatin, and jasmonic acid content of tomato seedlings by ratios of 83%, 93%, 82%, 89%, 50%, and 57%, respectively, and shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area decreased by 43%, 19%, 39%, 29%, 20%, 18%, and 50%, respectively, compared to the control (B0D0).”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit decreased root dry weight of tomato seedlings by 29%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Water deficit conditions (50% of field capacity)e5
- Outcome
- root dry weighte5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 29%e5
- Comparator
- control (B0D0)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Water deficit conditions (50% of field capacity) caused decrease in indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), cytokine, zeatin, and jasmonic acid content of tomato seedlings by ratios of 83%, 93%, 82%, 89%, 50%, and 57%, respectively, and shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area decreased by 43%, 19%, 39%, 29%, 20%, 18%, and 50%, respectively, compared to the control (B0D0).”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit decreased plant height of tomato seedlings by 20%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Water deficit conditions (50% of field capacity)e5
- Outcome
- plant heighte5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 20%e5
- Comparator
- control (B0D0)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Water deficit conditions (50% of field capacity) caused decrease in indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), cytokine, zeatin, and jasmonic acid content of tomato seedlings by ratios of 83%, 93%, 82%, 89%, 50%, and 57%, respectively, and shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area decreased by 43%, 19%, 39%, 29%, 20%, 18%, and 50%, respectively, compared to the control (B0D0).”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit decreased stem diameter of tomato seedlings by 18%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Water deficit conditions (50% of field capacity)e5
- Outcome
- stem diametere5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 18%e5
- Comparator
- control (B0D0)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Water deficit conditions (50% of field capacity) caused decrease in indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), cytokine, zeatin, and jasmonic acid content of tomato seedlings by ratios of 83%, 93%, 82%, 89%, 50%, and 57%, respectively, and shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area decreased by 43%, 19%, 39%, 29%, 20%, 18%, and 50%, respectively, compared to the control (B0D0).”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit decreased leaf area of tomato seedlings by 50%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Water deficit conditions (50% of field capacity)e5
- Outcome
- leaf areae5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 50%e5
- Comparator
- control (B0D0)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Water deficit conditions (50% of field capacity) caused decrease in indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), cytokine, zeatin, and jasmonic acid content of tomato seedlings by ratios of 83%, 93%, 82%, 89%, 50%, and 57%, respectively, and shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area decreased by 43%, 19%, 39%, 29%, 20%, 18%, and 50%, respectively, compared to the control (B0D0).”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced LRWC of tomato seedlings by 21% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- droughte6
- Outcome
- LRWCe6
- Direction
- reductionse6
- Value
- 21%e6
- Comparator
- controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“In addition, 21%, 16%, 21%, and 17% reductions occurred in LRWC, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll contents with drought compared to the control, respectively”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced chlorophyll a of tomato seedlings by 16% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- droughte6
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae6
- Direction
- reductionse6
- Value
- 16%e6
- Comparator
- controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“In addition, 21%, 16%, 21%, and 17% reductions occurred in LRWC, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll contents with drought compared to the control, respectively”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced chlorophyll b of tomato seedlings by 21% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- droughte6
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be6
- Direction
- reductionse6
- Value
- 21%e6
- Comparator
- controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“In addition, 21%, 16%, 21%, and 17% reductions occurred in LRWC, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll contents with drought compared to the control, respectively”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced total chlorophyll contents of tomato seedlings by 17% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- droughte6
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contentse6
- Direction
- reductionse6
- Value
- 17%e6
- Comparator
- controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“In addition, 21%, 16%, 21%, and 17% reductions occurred in LRWC, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll contents with drought compared to the control, respectively”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings”
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