Abstract
In intercropping systems, crop species select host-adapted microorganisms and influence the associated plant-microbial interactions like in the case of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Attempts to assess the impact of intercropping on the activity, diversity, and community composition of AMF remain inconclusive, more so in intercropping systems involving traditional Mediterranean crops such as durum wheat and lentils. We carried out field experiments in Central Italy to assess the impact of relay intercropping durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf. cv. Minosse) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. cv. Elsa) on soil mycorrhizal inoculum potential (MIP) (2019 and 2020), AMF root colonization (2019, 2020, and 2021), and root AMF diversity and community composition (2020 and 2021), compared to the respective sole crops. Results showed that relay intercropping enhanced lentil grain yield and durum wheat grain protein concentration but marginally reduced durum wheat grain yield and lentil grain protein concentration. In addition, relay intercropping enhanced soil mycorrhizal activity but differentially influenced mycorrhizal root colonization compared to sole cropping. Sequencing analyses generated a total of 234 amplicon sequence variants belonging to Glomeromycota, which were assigned to 31 virtual taxa using the MaarjAM reference database. Glomeraceae and Claroideoglomeraceae were the most abundant taxa but had contrasting abundances in 2020 and 2021. The overall changes in AMF species diversity and community structure were affected by the interaction between crop species and year, and not by intercropping. Claroideoglomus and Septoglomus showed a strong association with lentil roots while Rhizophagus and Paraglomus were associated with durum wheat roots in 2020, affirming host genotype-AMF preferences. The principal component analysis showed that grain protein concentration was associated with selected mycorrhizal parameters such as community richness and AMF root colonization. Further studies on the functional analysis of the different AMF communities selected by the crop genotype and year may reveal the importance of intercropping in maintaining soil functionality and productivity under low-input systems.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Relay intercropping enhanced lentil grain yield relative to sole cropping.
- Taxon
- lentil
Lens culinarise0 - Treatment
- relay intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- lentil grain yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- respective sole cropse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that relay intercropping enhanced lentil grain yield and durum wheat grain protein concentration but marginally reduced durum wheat grain yield and lentil grain protein concentration.”
e1“compared to the respective sole crops.”
Claim · model-written summary
Relay intercropping enhanced durum wheat grain protein concentration relative to sole cropping.
- Taxon
- durum wheat
Triticum turgidum subsp. durume0 - Treatment
- relay intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- durum wheat grain protein concentratione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- respective sole cropse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that relay intercropping enhanced lentil grain yield and durum wheat grain protein concentration but marginally reduced durum wheat grain yield and lentil grain protein concentration.”
e1“compared to the respective sole crops.”
Claim · model-written summary
Relay intercropping marginally reduced durum wheat grain yield relative to sole cropping.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- relay intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- durum wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- marginallye0
- Comparator
- respective sole cropse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that relay intercropping enhanced lentil grain yield and durum wheat grain protein concentration but marginally reduced durum wheat grain yield and lentil grain protein concentration.”
e1“compared to the respective sole crops.”
Claim · model-written summary
Relay intercropping marginally reduced lentil grain protein concentration relative to sole cropping.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- relay intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- lentil grain protein concentratione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- marginallye0
- Comparator
- respective sole cropse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that relay intercropping enhanced lentil grain yield and durum wheat grain protein concentration but marginally reduced durum wheat grain yield and lentil grain protein concentration.”
e1“compared to the respective sole crops.”
Claim · model-written summary
Relay intercropping enhanced soil mycorrhizal activity relative to sole cropping.
Verbatim
e0“In addition, relay intercropping enhanced soil mycorrhizal activity but differentially influenced mycorrhizal root colonization compared to sole cropping.”
e1“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)”
Claim · model-written summary
Relay intercropping differentially influenced mycorrhizal root colonization relative to sole cropping.
- Taxon
- AMFe1
- Treatment
- relay intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal root colonizatione0
- Comparator
- sole croppinge0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“In addition, relay intercropping enhanced soil mycorrhizal activity but differentially influenced mycorrhizal root colonization compared to sole cropping.”
e1“arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequencing generated 234 Glomeromycota amplicon sequence variants.
- Taxon
- GlomeromycotaGlomeromycotae0
- Outcome
- amplicon sequence variantse0
- Value
- 234e0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Sequencing analyses generated a total of 234 amplicon sequence variants belonging to Glomeromycota, which were assigned to 31 virtual taxa using the MaarjAM reference database.”
Claim · model-written summary
The Glomeromycota sequence variants were assigned to 31 virtual taxa.
- Taxon
- GlomeromycotaGlomeromycotae0
- Outcome
- virtual taxae0
- Value
- 31e0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Sequencing analyses generated a total of 234 amplicon sequence variants belonging to Glomeromycota, which were assigned to 31 virtual taxa using the MaarjAM reference database.”
Claim · model-written summary
Glomeraceae was among the most abundant taxa, with contrasting abundances between years.
- Taxon
- GlomeraceaeGlomeraceaee0
- Outcome
- abundancese0
- Direction
- most abundante0
- Qualifier
- contrasting abundances in 2020 and 2021e0
Verbatim
e0“Glomeraceae and Claroideoglomeraceae were the most abundant taxa but had contrasting abundances in 2020 and 2021.”
Claim · model-written summary
Claroideoglomeraceae was among the most abundant taxa, with contrasting abundances between years.
- Taxon
- ClaroideoglomeraceaeEntrophosporaceaee0
- Outcome
- abundancese0
- Direction
- most abundante0
- Qualifier
- contrasting abundances in 2020 and 2021e0
Verbatim
e0“Glomeraceae and Claroideoglomeraceae were the most abundant taxa but had contrasting abundances in 2020 and 2021.”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF diversity and community structure changes depended on the crop species by year interaction.
- Taxon
- AMFe0
- Treatment
- interaction between crop species and yeare0
- Outcome
- AMF species diversity and community structuree0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The overall changes in AMF species diversity and community structure were affected by the interaction between crop species and year, and not by intercropping.”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping did not affect AMF diversity and community structure changes.
- Taxon
- AMFe0
- Treatment
- intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- AMF species diversity and community structuree0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The overall changes in AMF species diversity and community structure were affected by the interaction between crop species and year, and not by intercropping.”
Claim · model-written summary
Claroideoglomus showed a strong association with lentil roots.
- Taxon
- ClaroideoglomusEntrophosporae0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Interactor
- lentilLens culinarise0host
- Outcome
- associatione0
- Qualifier
- strong associatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Claroideoglomus and Septoglomus showed a strong association with lentil roots while Rhizophagus and Paraglomus were associated with durum wheat roots in 2020, affirming host genotype-AMF preferences.”
Claim · model-written summary
Septoglomus showed a strong association with lentil roots.
- Taxon
- SeptoglomusSeptoglomuse0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Interactor
- lentilLens culinarise0host
- Outcome
- associatione0
- Qualifier
- strong associatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Claroideoglomus and Septoglomus showed a strong association with lentil roots while Rhizophagus and Paraglomus were associated with durum wheat roots in 2020, affirming host genotype-AMF preferences.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizophagus was associated with durum wheat roots in 2020.
- Taxon
- Rhizophaguse0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Interactor
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0host
- Outcome
- associated with durum wheat rootse0
- Qualifier
- 2020e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Claroideoglomus and Septoglomus showed a strong association with lentil roots while Rhizophagus and Paraglomus were associated with durum wheat roots in 2020, affirming host genotype-AMF preferences.”
Claim · model-written summary
Paraglomus was associated with durum wheat roots in 2020.
- Taxon
- ParaglomusParaglomuse0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Interactor
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0host
- Outcome
- associated with durum wheat rootse0
- Qualifier
- 2020e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Claroideoglomus and Septoglomus showed a strong association with lentil roots while Rhizophagus and Paraglomus were associated with durum wheat roots in 2020, affirming host genotype-AMF preferences.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain protein concentration was associated with community richness and AMF root colonization.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain protein concentratione0
- Qualifier
- community richness and AMF root colonizatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The principal component analysis showed that grain protein concentration was associated with selected mycorrhizal parameters such as community richness and AMF root colonization.”
e1“durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf. cv. Minosse) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. cv. Elsa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lentil grain protein concentration was associated with community richness and AMF root colonization.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise1
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain protein concentratione0
- Qualifier
- community richness and AMF root colonizatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The principal component analysis showed that grain protein concentration was associated with selected mycorrhizal parameters such as community richness and AMF root colonization.”
e1“durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf. cv. Minosse) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. cv. Elsa)”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.