Abstract
The application of Rhizobium spp., nitrogen-fixing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, as biocontrol agents to enhance systemic disease resistance against plant viral infections is a promising approach towards achieving sustainable and eco-friendly agriculture. However, their potential as antivirals and biocontrol agents is less studied. Herein, the capability of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strain 33504-Mat209 was evaluated to promote plant growth and enhance faba bean systemic resistance against alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) infection. Under greenhouse conditions, the soil inoculation with 3504-Mat209 resulted in notable improvements in growth and an increase in chlorophyll content. This led to a marked decrease in the disease incidence, severity, and viral accumulation level by 48, 74, and 87%, respectively. The protective effect of 33504-Mat209 was linked to significant decreases in non-enzymatic oxidative stress indicators, specifically H2O2 and MDA. Additionally, there were significant increases in the activity of reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes, such as peroxidase (POX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), compared to the virus treatment. The elevated transcript levels of polyphenolic pathway genes (C4H, HCT, C3H, and CHS) and pathogenesis-related protein-1 were also observed. Out of 18 detected compounds, HPLC analysis revealed that 33504-Mat209-treated plants increased the accumulation of several compounds, such as gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, pyrocatechol, daidzein, quercetin, and cinnamic acid. Therefore, the ability of 33504-Mat209 to promote plant growth and induce systemic resistance against AMV infection has implications for utilizing 33504-Mat209 as a fertilizer and biocontrol agent. This could potentially introduce a new strategy for safeguarding crops, promoting sustainability, and ensuring environmental safety in the agricultural sector. As far as we know, this is the first study of biological control of AMV mediated by Rhizobium spp. in faba bean plants.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Soil inoculation improved faba bean growth.
- Taxon
- faba bean
Vicia fabat0 - Treatment
- soil inoculation with 3504-Mat209e0
- Interactor
- 3504-Mat209e0symbiont
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- improvementse0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under greenhouse conditions, the soil inoculation with 3504-Mat209 resulted in notable improvements in growth”
t0“Faba Bean Plants”
e1“soil inoculation with 3504-Mat209”
t1“alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV)”
e2“The protective effect of 33504-Mat209 was linked to significant decreases in non-enzymatic oxidative stress indicators, specifically H2O2 and MDA”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil inoculation increased faba bean chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- soil inoculation with 3504-Mat209e0
- Interactor
- 3504-Mat209e0symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the soil inoculation with 3504-Mat209 resulted in notable improvements in growth and an increase in chlorophyll content”
t0“Faba Bean Plants”
e1“soil inoculation with 3504-Mat209”
t1“alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV)”
e2“The protective effect of 33504-Mat209 was linked to significant decreases in non-enzymatic oxidative stress indicators, specifically H2O2 and MDA”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation reduced faba bean disease incidence by 48%.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- soil inoculation with 3504-Mat209e1
- Interactor
- alfalfa mosaic virus
Alfamovirus AMVt1pathogen - Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 48e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This led to a marked decrease in the disease incidence, severity, and viral accumulation level by 48, 74, and 87%, respectively”
t0“Faba Bean Plants”
e1“soil inoculation with 3504-Mat209”
t1“alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV)”
e2“The protective effect of 33504-Mat209 was linked to significant decreases in non-enzymatic oxidative stress indicators, specifically H2O2 and MDA”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation reduced faba bean disease severity by 74%.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- soil inoculation with 3504-Mat209e1
- Interactor
- alfalfa mosaic virusAlfamovirus AMVt1pathogen
- Outcome
- severitye0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 74e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This led to a marked decrease in the disease incidence, severity, and viral accumulation level by 48, 74, and 87%, respectively”
t0“Faba Bean Plants”
e1“soil inoculation with 3504-Mat209”
t1“alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV)”
e2“The protective effect of 33504-Mat209 was linked to significant decreases in non-enzymatic oxidative stress indicators, specifically H2O2 and MDA”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation reduced viral accumulation in faba bean by 87%.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- soil inoculation with 3504-Mat209e1
- Interactor
- alfalfa mosaic virusAlfamovirus AMVt1pathogen
- Outcome
- viral accumulation levele0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 87%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This led to a marked decrease in the disease incidence, severity, and viral accumulation level by 48, 74, and 87%, respectively”
t0“Faba Bean Plants”
e1“soil inoculation with 3504-Mat209”
t1“alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV)”
e2“The protective effect of 33504-Mat209 was linked to significant decreases in non-enzymatic oxidative stress indicators, specifically H2O2 and MDA”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated plants had significantly lower H2O2 and MDA oxidative stress indicators.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- 33504-Mat209e0
- Interactor
- 33504-Mat209e0symbiont
- Outcome
- H2O2 and MDAe0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The protective effect of 33504-Mat209 was linked to significant decreases in non-enzymatic oxidative stress indicators, specifically H2O2 and MDA”
t0“Faba Bean Plants”
e1“soil inoculation with 3504-Mat209”
t1“alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV)”
e2“The protective effect of 33504-Mat209 was linked to significant decreases in non-enzymatic oxidative stress indicators, specifically H2O2 and MDA”
Claim · model-written summary
POX and PPO activities increased significantly compared with virus treatment.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- 33504-Mat209e2
- Interactor
- alfalfa mosaic virusAlfamovirus AMVt1pathogen
- Gene
- peroxidase (POX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO)e0
- Outcome
- activity of reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymese0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Comparator
- virus treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there were significant increases in the activity of reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes, such as peroxidase (POX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), compared to the virus treatment”
t0“Faba Bean Plants”
e1“soil inoculation with 3504-Mat209”
t1“alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV)”
e2“The protective effect of 33504-Mat209 was linked to significant decreases in non-enzymatic oxidative stress indicators, specifically H2O2 and MDA”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated faba bean had elevated transcripts of polyphenolic pathway genes.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Gene
- C4H, HCT, C3H, and CHSe0
- Outcome
- transcript levelse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The elevated transcript levels of polyphenolic pathway genes (C4H, HCT, C3H, and CHS) and pathogenesis-related protein-1 were also observed”
t0“Faba Bean Plants”
e1“soil inoculation with 3504-Mat209”
t1“alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV)”
e2“The protective effect of 33504-Mat209 was linked to significant decreases in non-enzymatic oxidative stress indicators, specifically H2O2 and MDA”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated faba bean had elevated pathogenesis-related protein-1 transcripts.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Gene
- pathogenesis-related protein-1e0
- Outcome
- transcript levelse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The elevated transcript levels of polyphenolic pathway genes (C4H, HCT, C3H, and CHS) and pathogenesis-related protein-1 were also observed”
t0“Faba Bean Plants”
e1“soil inoculation with 3504-Mat209”
t1“alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV)”
e2“The protective effect of 33504-Mat209 was linked to significant decreases in non-enzymatic oxidative stress indicators, specifically H2O2 and MDA”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated faba bean accumulated more gallic acid, chlorogenic acid and catechin.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- 33504-Mat209-treatede0
- Outcome
- accumulation of several compoundse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechine0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“33504-Mat209-treated plants increased the accumulation of several compounds, such as gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, pyrocatechol, daidzein, quercetin, and cinnamic acid”
t0“Faba Bean Plants”
e1“soil inoculation with 3504-Mat209”
t1“alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV)”
e2“The protective effect of 33504-Mat209 was linked to significant decreases in non-enzymatic oxidative stress indicators, specifically H2O2 and MDA”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated faba bean accumulated more pyrocatechol, daidzein and quercetin.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- 33504-Mat209-treatede0
- Outcome
- accumulation of several compoundse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- pyrocatechol, daidzein, quercetine0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“33504-Mat209-treated plants increased the accumulation of several compounds, such as gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, pyrocatechol, daidzein, quercetin, and cinnamic acid”
t0“Faba Bean Plants”
e1“soil inoculation with 3504-Mat209”
t1“alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV)”
e2“The protective effect of 33504-Mat209 was linked to significant decreases in non-enzymatic oxidative stress indicators, specifically H2O2 and MDA”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated faba bean accumulated more cinnamic acid.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- 33504-Mat209-treatede0
- Outcome
- accumulation of several compoundse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- cinnamic acide0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“33504-Mat209-treated plants increased the accumulation of several compounds, such as gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, pyrocatechol, daidzein, quercetin, and cinnamic acid”
t0“Faba Bean Plants”
e1“soil inoculation with 3504-Mat209”
t1“alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV)”
e2“The protective effect of 33504-Mat209 was linked to significant decreases in non-enzymatic oxidative stress indicators, specifically H2O2 and MDA”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose rhizobial strain 33504-Mat209 as a fertilizer and biocontrol agent.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Outcome
- utilizing 33504-Mat209 as a fertilizer and biocontrol agente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“utilizing 33504-Mat209 as a fertilizer and biocontrol agent”
t0“Faba Bean Plants”
e1“soil inoculation with 3504-Mat209”
t1“alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV)”
e2“The protective effect of 33504-Mat209 was linked to significant decreases in non-enzymatic oxidative stress indicators, specifically H2O2 and MDA”
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